{"data":{"sci_version": "1.0", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:34453585", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 6, "content_hash": "sha256:f069f34460cae8596788ba52891b06214611c74bf720c276fe0e0edbb9b7c33d", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:41:50Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T21:26:07Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Meta-proteomic analysis of the Shandrin mammoth by EVA technology and high-resolution mass spectrometry: what is its gut microbiota telling us?", "doi": "10.1007/s00726-021-03061-0", "pmid": "34453585", "authors": ["Annamaria Cucina", "Vincenzo Cunsolo", "Antonella Di Francesco", "Rosaria Saletti", "Gleb Zilberstein", "Svetlana Zilberstein", "Alexei Tikhonov", "Andrey G Bublichenko", "Pier Giorgio Righetti", "Salvatore Foti"], "journal": "Amino acids", "year": 2021, "abstract": "During the last decade, paleoproteomics allowed us to open a direct window into the biological past, improving our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of extant and extinct species, past human diseases, and reconstruction of the human diet. In particular, meta-proteomic studies, mainly carried out on ancient human dental calculus, provided insights into past oral microbial communities and ancient diets. On the contrary, very few investigations regard the analysis of ancient gut microbiota, which may enable a greater understanding of how microorganisms and their hosts have co-evolved and spread under the influence of changing diet practices and habitat. In this respect, this paper reports the results of the first-ever meta-proteomic analysis carried out on a gut tissue sample some 40,000 years old. Proteins were extracted by applying EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate) films to the surface of the gut sample of a woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenus), discovered in 1972 close to the Shandrin River (Yakutia, Russia), and then investigated via a shotgun MS-based approach. Proteomic and peptidomic analysis allowed in-depth exploration of its meta-proteome composition. The results were validated through the level of deamidation and other diagenetic chemical modifications of the sample peptides, which were used to discriminate the \"original\" endogenous peptides from contaminant ones. Overall, the results of the meta-proteomic analysis here reported agreeing with the previous paleobotanical studies and with the reconstructed habitat of the Shandrin mammoth and provided insight into its diet. 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This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": [], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": [], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": ["step:obtain_source_data blocked on data:accession_absent"]}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:34453585", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-021-03061-0", "sha256": "sha256:8df78c2fecb98e4acce508a5300187e00398fa0742736eff9be98200fb533005", "bytes": 65617, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "10.1007/s00726-021-03061-0", "version": null, "note": "Full article fetched from PMC; the checksum covers the rendered section body, not the original XML bytes.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC8519927", "source": "europe_pmc_fulltext", "coverage": "whole_body", "text_hash_scope": "rendered_section_body"}}, {"id": "asset:table:pmid:34453585:1", "role": "table", "format": "jats-table", "media_type": "application/vnd.jats.table+json", "uri": null, "sha256": "sha256:b2e6a5a7cd4ea8cd58abf2d04640a92a7ac0ee8223eafc2ff492ea6e4259eb6e", "bytes": 2188, "access": "open", "state": "verified", "reader": "read_table", "reader_status": "available", "identifier": "section[14]/table-wrap[1]#Tab1", "version": null, "note": "Classification of the proteins identified by searching Proboscidea database and after peptide BLAST search. More details are reported in the Supplementary Material (Table S1)", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC8519927", "section_index": 14, "section_title": "Proteins related to Mammoth", "row_count": 22, "column_count": 4}, "table": {"label": "Table 1", "caption": "Classification of the proteins identified by searching Proboscidea database and after peptide BLAST search. More details are reported in the Supplementary Material (Table S1)", "rows": [["Proteins", "Taxonomya", "Razor + unique peptides", "Chemical modifications"], ["Hemoglobin subunit beta", "Mammoth", "6", "Deamidation (NQ), Oxidation (W), Dioxidation (W), Dioxidation (Y)"], ["Hemoglobin subunit alpha", "Mammoth", "2", "Deamidation (NQ)"], ["Integrin subunit alpha E", "Mammoth", "2", "Deamidation (NQ), Acetyl (K), Trioxidation (C)"], ["Gamma-tubulin complex component", "Euteleostomi—not human", "2", "Deamidation (NQ), Dioxidation (W)"], ["Chromosome 12 open reading frame 60", "Not specific, but not human", "2", "Oxidation (M), Glu- > pyro-Glu, Dioxidation (Y)"], ["Desmoplakin", "Not specific (possibly human)", "17", "Deamidation (NQ), Oxolactone, Gln- > pyro-Glu"], ["Junction plakoglobin", "Not specific (possibly human)", "10", "Oxidation (M), Deamidation (NQ)"], ["Annexin", "Not specific (possibly human)", "6", "Gln- > pyro-Glu"], ["Peroxiredoxin 1", "Not specific (possibly human)", "2", "Gln- > pyro-Glu"], ["Plakophilin 1", "Not specific (possibly human)", "3", "–"], ["Desmoglein 1", "Not specific (possibly human)", "3", "Gln- > pyro-Glu, Oxidation (M)"], ["Transglutaminase 1", "Not specific (possibly human)", "2", "–"], ["Arginase", "Not specific (possibly human)", "3", "Oxidation (M)"], ["DNA helicase", "Not specific (possibly human)", "2", "Oxidation (Y), Dioxidation (Y)"], ["Catalase", "Not specific (possibly human)", "2", "–"], ["HECT-type E3 ubiquitin transferase", "Not specific (possibly human)", "2", "Dioxidation (Y)"], ["60S ribosomal protein L40", "Not specific (possibly human)", "2", "–"], ["Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase", "Not specific (possibly human)", "2", "Gln- > pyro-Glu, Oxidation (M)"], ["Heat Shock Proteinb", "Not specific (possibly human)", "5b", "Oxidation (M)"], ["Actinb", "Not specific (possibly human)", "4b", ""], ["Histone H4c", "Not specific (possibly human)", "4c", "Deamidation (NQ), Iodination(Y)Peptides in common with bacteria/nematoda search"]], "row_count": 22, "column_count": 4, "numeric_cells": 28, "header_rows": 1, "locator": "section[14]/table-wrap[1]#Tab1"}}, {"id": "asset:table:pmid:34453585:2", "role": "table", "format": "jats-table", "media_type": "application/vnd.jats.table+json", "uri": null, "sha256": "sha256:576046d48a9f994aecc7bd5770d63e410b3c98fcddcd6a3c616caa104c94093b", "bytes": 1572, "access": "open", "state": "verified", "reader": "read_table", "reader_status": "available", "identifier": "section[15]/table-wrap[1]#Tab2", "version": null, "note": "Classification of the proteins identified by searching Viridiplantae database and after peptide BLAST search", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC8519927", "section_index": 15, "section_title": "Proteins related to Viridiplantae, Bacteria, and Nematoda", "row_count": 17, "column_count": 4}, "table": {"label": "Table 2", "caption": "Classification of the proteins identified by searching Viridiplantae database and after peptide BLAST search", "rows": [["Proteins", "Taxonomya", "Razor + unique peptides", "Chemical modifications"], ["Prunin 1 Pru", "Prunus", "3", "–"], ["Probable disease resistance protein RPP1", "Arabidopsis thaliana", "2", "Dioxidation (W)"], ["Protein tesmin/TSO1-like CXC 4", "Arabidopsis thaliana", "2", "–"], ["Probable cysteine protease RD19B", "Arabidopsis thaliana", "2", "Ox (M), Deamidation (NQ), Acetyl (K)"], ["Uncharacterized membrane protein ycf78", "Tetradesmus obliquus", "2", "Deamidation (NQ)"], ["DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta", "Chaetosphaeridium globosum", "2", "Ox (Y)"], ["Protein TIC 214", "Huperizia lucidula", "2", "Ox(M), Deamidation (NQ), Acetyl(K)"], ["Kinesin-like protein KIN-8B", "Poaceae", "2", "Deamidation (NQ), ox(M)"], ["DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit alpha", "Pentapetaleae", "2", "Iodination, Ox (Y)"], ["Acyl-CoA-binding domain-containing protein 4", "Magnoliopsida", "2", "Deamidation (NQ), Dioxidation (Y)"], ["Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase", "Mesangiospermae", "3", "–"], ["Transcription factor HY5", "Magnoliopsida", "2", "Deamidation (NQ), DQ formation"], ["ATP-synthase subunit beta, chloroplastic", "Euphyllophyta", "2", "Ox(M), Deamidation (NQ)"], ["Histone H4c", "Not specific", "5c", "Ox(M)"], ["Heat Shock Proteinb", "Not specific (possibly human)", "5b", "Oxidation (M)"], ["Actinb", "Not specific (possibly human)", "4b", ""]], "row_count": 17, "column_count": 4, "numeric_cells": 24, "header_rows": 1, "locator": "section[15]/table-wrap[1]#Tab2"}}], "gaps": []}, "analysis": {"state": "partial", "methods": [{"id": "method-1", "family": null, "specific": null, "label": "Standard deviation calculated after 1000 bootstrap iterations", "dsl_operations": [], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": null, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": [], "evidence": {"score": 1.0, "band": "verbatim", "quote": "The error bars indicate the standard deviation calculated after 1000 bootstrap iterations"}}], "targets": [], "gaps": 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The physical bench the paper used is not, so a physical validation cannot be run here."}, "data": {"tier": "R4", "reachable": false, "accessions": ["< PXD025518 >"], "resolved_accessions": [], "statements": ["The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier < PXD025518 > ."], "basis": "The paper names < PXD025518 >, but the accession does not resolve in the repository (no reason recorded), so the data cannot be reached from here. No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read."}}, "can_run": {"dsl_operations": [], "assets": ["source:pmid:34453585", "asset:table:pmid:34453585:1", "asset:table:pmid:34453585:2"], "steps": ["run_analysis"]}, "must_build": {"dsl_operations": [], "converters": [], "readers": [], "capabilities": [], "data_gaps": ["data:geo:None"]}, "gaps": ["data:accession_absent"]}, "review": {"state": "partial", "machine_critique": {"kind": "extraction_review", "reader": {"model": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax", "provider_family": "minimax", "read_at": "2026-10-31T18:34:12Z", "independence": "single_reader"}, "evidence_check": {"method": "verbatim", "availability": "verbatim"}, "calls": 3, "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 51363, "completion_tokens": 1722, "cached_tokens": 784}}, "human_critique": null, "stages": [{"id": "extraction", "state": "complete", "reader": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax"}], "gaps": ["review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique", "review.human_critique"]}, "execution": {"state": "absent", "status": "not_run", "mode": null, "runs": [], "gaps": ["execution.not_run"]}, "provenance": {"entities": [{"id": "pmid:34453585", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:34453585"}, {"id": "source:pmid:34453585", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 34453585 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:None", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO None"}], "activities": [{"id": "activity-reading-sci-2026-11-01", "type": "classification", "used": [{"id": "pmid:34453585", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:34453585"}, {"id": "source:pmid:34453585", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 34453585 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:None", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO None"}], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}, {"id": "activity-read-34453585", "type": "extraction", "used": ["source:pmid:34453585"], "agent": "agent:minimax-reader"}, {"id": "activity-resolve-None", "type": "accession_resolution", "used": ["data:geo:None"], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}], "agents": [{"id": "agent:corpus-assay-engine", "type": "software", "label": "Corpus assay engine"}, {"id": "agent:minimax-reader", "type": "software", "label": "MiniMax literature reader"}], "source_run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01", "dsl_catalogue_fingerprint": "343fb30756ba6ec3", "capability_table_fingerprint": "2cb3e42f047d2ecf", "snapshot_id": "ba34b49490d9bfaf"}, "lineage": {"parent_id": "pmid:34453585", "parent_hash": "sha256:af40755c4eb8a69a2411edf5c19b13f16c6837887a396cd5c34f0a4cc11c5cae", "fork_of": null, "generation": 5}, "gaps": ["execution.not_run", "method.reader_named_unmapped", "review.human_critique", "review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique", "step:obtain_source_data blocked on data:accession_absent"]},"meta":{"api_version":"v1","automation_ladder_snapshot":"ba34b49490d9bfaf","automation_ladder_caveats":["Method extraction is rule-based and has no hand-judged accuracy sample. Evidence bands order textual support; method agreement intervals are null (n=0), never probabilities. Work-type validation does not validate methods.","Operation coverage describes only explicitly named methods. It does not prove a complete protocol, compatible parameters, successful compilation or re-execution. Unrecognised or ambiguous methods require review.","Data reachability is a textual accession or public-data statement. No dataset was downloaded or checked for access, completeness or licence.","Capabilities are planning states seeded from the dated equipment register. No bench ownership, completed quote or partner booking is inferred. Procurement counts are dependencies, not guaranteed replications or financial returns.","Tier and blocker counts are deterministic assessments of this corpus, not measured agreement. R3 is reserved for procurement; unresolved methods and data require human work (R4). The most restrictive axis wins, with capability, method, data as tie-breaks. Resolving one blocker can leave another at the same tier."],"engine":"corpus_engine","engine_provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","run_id":"run-20261023T122449232913","source":"esearch","source_detail":"PubMed mirror biomed_pubmed (read-only)","run_status":"complete","imported_at":"2026-11-03T20:16:52+00:00","generated_at":"2026-11-04T02:36:05+00:00","total_papers":5529,"total_assays_tracked":29,"automatable_assay_families":6,"validated":true,"caveat_count":9,"blocking_caveats":5,"caveats":[{"code":"low_evidence_dominates","basis":["4,152 of 5,529 classifications (75.1%) matched no cue evidence and sit at the 0.05 floor.","34 of 230 data_only calls (14.8%) are in that group."],"claim":"Work type and confidence bands","gloss":"Most records were classified from their title and framing alone, with assay-cue coverage at zero.","detail":"Most classifications in this run rest on no matched evidence at all. At the evidence floor the work type comes from title framing and a fixed prior, not from anything in the paper, so the published work-type split should be read as a rough triage signal rather than a measured distribution. The impact is bounded but not removed: since 2026-10-23 the engine excludes floor-confidence records from the shortlist entirely and publishes them separately as held out, so the recommendation is unaffected even though the census is.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"runtime_is_modelled","basis":["Runtime is summed from published per-assay hour figures. Timing awaits the first executed replication.","4,407 of 5,529 records (79.7%) model to 0.00 hours because no assay was matched, which the ranking then reads as \"cheapest\".","0 of 10 shortlisted records carry a 0.00-hour estimate."],"claim":"Estimated replication runtime","gloss":"The hour figures are estimates built from assay mentions; timing awaits the first executed replication.","detail":"The hour figures are a cost model derived from the bench steps implied by each matched assay family. The first executed replication will supply measured timing. Records without an assay match currently receive a zero-hour model value.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"signal_score_without_citations","basis":["5,529 of 5,529 records (100.0%) have no citation count from the source metadata."],"claim":"Signal score","gloss":"The signal score uses publication-type weight because the mirror supplied zero citation counts.","detail":"The source supplied no citation counts for any record in this run, so the signal score is publication-type weight only. The citation term of the ranking is inert here, and the shortlist is ordered by publication type alone.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"abstract_absent","basis":["1,667 of 5,529 records (30.2%) carry no abstract at all."],"claim":"Evidence base for classification","gloss":"Some records contain a title and publication type only, defining the available classification evidence.","detail":"Where the mirror contains a title and publication types only, those fields define the classifier evidence. A methods section is required for fuller automated and human review.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"},{"code":"classifier_agreement_measured","basis":["Published two-way decision agreement 77.7% (310 of 399 decidable records) from a stratified hand-check of 438 real records.","Three-way diagnostic agreement 73.9% (288 of 390 decidable records).","data_only agreement 75.2% (100 of 133 decidable).","48 record(s) could not be decided from title and abstract and were excluded from the denominator.","56 analysis-only records were published under another work type, so the data_only share is not an upper bound."],"claim":"Published automatable decision","gloss":"This figure has been checked against a human reading the same papers, so we know how often it is right.","detail":"The published automatable / not-automatable distribution comes from a rule-based classifier that was hand-checked against a fixed ground-truth definition. The agreement rates below are measured, not estimated. The three-way work type remains a diagnostic and is reported separately.","status":"measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"llm_comparison_not_measured","basis":["rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f produced 5,529 of 5,529 classifications.","Measured on 438 labelled records; these are RULE-BASED figures, not model results."],"claim":"Rule-based versus LLM agreement","gloss":"Every number here is the rule engine’s own. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","detail":"The published two-way decision agreed with a human reading on 310 of 399 decidable records (77.7%). The diagnostic three-way label agreed on 288 of 390 decidable records (73.9%). Every percentage in this run belongs to the rule engine. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","status":"not_measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"confidence_is_a_band","basis":["low band: 135 of 210 hand-judged records were correct, 64.3% [57.6, 70.5] (95% CI).","medium band: 80 of 104 hand-judged records were correct, 76.9% [68.0, 84.0] (95% CI).","high band: 73 of 76 hand-judged records were correct, 96.0% [89.0, 98.7] (95% CI).","A fitted calibrated probability was built, measured and withdrawn: it overstated held-out accuracy and reorders nothing."],"claim":"Confidence band and evidence score","gloss":"The confidence band carries a measured accuracy interval; 0.85 represents relative rank strength.","detail":"Confidence on this run is a BAND plus its measured accuracy interval. The number stored alongside each record is a monotone evidence score that orders records; 0.85 represents relative rank strength. A fitted probability was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy. Threshold on the band.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"three_way_split_is_diagnostic","basis":["The corpus is published at the two-way decision: automatable or not-automatable. The three-way split (data_only / physical / mixed) is published as a diagnostic with its measured reliability attached, not as a claim, because the rule engine's `mixed` call cannot be defended.","The engine called 22 record(s) mixed; 10 matched the human judgement (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9-65.3).","The engine's `mixed` call is right on 10/22 hand-judged records (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9%-65.3%); a constant `physical` guess scores 36.4%.","The engine's `mixed` call does not reliably beat a constant `physical` guess on the hand-judged records it labels mixed.","The sign of that difference flips between two independent samples, so the three-way refinement is not demonstrably informative.","The mixed stratum contributes a disproportionate share of errors relative to its size.","At title-only depth the physical/mixed split collapses: a title says that work was done, not whether it was also analysed."],"claim":"The published decision is two-way","gloss":"The three-way split is shown for diagnosis only. The published split is two ways.","detail":"Count and filter the corpus on automatable versus not-automatable. The data_only / physical / mixed split remains an internal engine diagnostic because the mixed call has lower measured reliability.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"automatable_flag_unproven","basis":["6 of 29 assay families are marked automatable now: meta_analysis, machine_learning, survival_analysis, pca, molecular_docking, differential_expression.","The flag is a rule over assay family and work type; validation begins with the first executed replication.","It inherits the 75.2% data_only agreement rate, because the flag requires the record to be analysis-only."],"claim":"Automatable now","gloss":"This flag marks assay families the rules classify as data-only. The first executed replication will validate it.","detail":"This flag marks families the rules consider replicable from data alone. Its validity depends on the analysis-only classification and will be measured through an executed replication.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"}],"confidence_policy":"band_with_measured_interval","confidence_contract":{"policy":"band_with_measured_interval","summary":"Confidence is reported as a BAND with a measured accuracy interval. The raw evidence score supplies monotone ordering. A fitted point estimate was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy.","evidence_score":"A monotone evidence score in [0,1] built from cue mass, axis separation and text coverage. Use it to order records. Interpret 0.85 as relative rank strength.","confidence_band":"low | medium | high. Consumers threshold on this value.","band_accuracy":"Wilson 95% interval on the measured agreement of the hand-judged records in this band.","calibrated_confidence":"WITHDRAWN. Reintroduction requires held-out evidence demonstrating reliable estimates across every bin."},"band_accuracy":{"low":{"n":210,"low":0.576,"band":"low","high":0.7046,"agree":135,"accuracy":0.6429},"high":{"n":76,"low":0.8903,"band":"high","high":0.9865,"agree":73,"accuracy":0.9605},"medium":{"n":104,"low":0.6795,"band":"medium","high":0.8397,"agree":80,"accuracy":0.7692}},"provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","lexicon_id":"99e1195c7d6f","contract_published_at":"2026-10-23T12:25:29.022232+00:00","confidence_is_band":true,"confidence_is_probability":false,"decision_taxonomy":"two_way","decidable_fraction_two_way":0.8854,"decidable_fraction_two_way_low":0.8565,"decidable_fraction_two_way_high":0.9143,"decidable_fraction_three_way":0.8586,"decidable_fraction_three_way_low":0.8287,"decidable_fraction_three_way_high":0.8884,"decidable_population":5529,"validation_sample_size":438,"three_way_cost_fraction":0.0268,"three_way_cost_records":148,"decision_counts":{"automatable":230,"not_automatable":5299},"decision_split":{"automatable":{"count":230,"share":0.04159884246699222},"not_automatable":{"count":5299,"share":0.9584011575330078}},"diagnostic_work_type_counts":{"mixed":24,"physical":5275,"data_only":230}}}