{"data":{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:35173218", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 6, "content_hash": "sha256:91ce137c164f42c1a1fbb9aa5306e145ee1c25d37db489cd40be4888035af260", "created_at": "2026-11-01T17:36:55Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:48:29Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Using publicly available transcriptomic data to identify mechanistic and diagnostic biomarkers in azoospermia and overall male infertility.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-022-06476-1", "pmid": "35173218", "authors": ["Temidayo S Omolaoye", "Mahmood Yaseen Hachim", "Stefan S du Plessis"], "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2022, "abstract": "Azoospermia, which is the absence of spermatozoa in an ejaculate occurring due to defects in sperm production, or the obstruction of the reproductive tract, affects about 1% of all men and is prevalent in up to 10-15% of infertile males. Conventional semen analysis remains the gold standard for diagnosing and treating male infertility; however, advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics now highlight the insufficiency thereof. Hence, the need to widen the scope of investigating the aetiology of male infertility stands pertinent. The current study aimed to identify common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that might serve as potential biomarkers for non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) and overall male infertility. DEGs across different datasets of transcriptomic profiling of testis from human patients with different causes of infertility/ impaired spermatogenesis and/or azoospermia were explored using the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Following the search using the GEOquery, 30 datasets were available, with 5 meeting the inclusion criteria. The DEGs for datasets were identified using limma R packages through the GEO2R tool. The annotated genes of the probes in each dataset were intersected with DEGs from all other datasets. Enriched Ontology Clustering for the identified genes was performed using Metascape to explore the possible connection or interaction between the genes. Twenty-five DEGs were shared between most of the datasets, which might indicate their role in the pathogenesis of male infertility. Of the 25 DEGs, eight genes (THEG, SPATA20, ROPN1L, GSTF1, TSSK1B, CABS1, ADAD1, RIMBP3) are either involved in the overall spermatogenic processes or at specific phases of spermatogenesis. We hypothesize that alteration in the expression of these genes leads to impaired spermatogenesis and, ultimately, male infertility. Thus, these genes can be used as potential biomarkers for the early detection of NOA.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Identifying DEGs for each dataset was performed as previously described20. In brief, the GEOquery and limma R packages through the GEO2R tool for each dataset was used as follows21: The samples were grouped into diseases and healthy and then analyzed using the following parameters: applying log transformation to the data, applying limma precision weights (vooma), and force normalization. After sorting the genes according to the False Discovery Rate (FDR), the top differentially expressed probes with FDR < 0.05 were selected from each dataset.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35173218", "locator": "sections[4] \"Identification of common DEGs\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Identifying DEGs for each dataset was performed as previously described20. In brief, the GEOquery and limma R packages through the GEO2R tool for each dataset was used as follows21: The samples were grouped into diseases and healthy and then analyzed using the following parameters: applying log transformation to the data, applying limma precision weights (vooma), and force normalization. After sorting the genes according to the False Discovery Rate (FDR), the top differentially expressed probes with FDR < 0.05 were selected from each dataset."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35173218", "locator": "sections[3] \"Transcriptomics datasets selection\" paragraph 3", "quote": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": null, "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:35173218"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE108886"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {"fdr_threshold": "d probes selected using FDR < 0"}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE108886"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:35173218", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06476-1", "sha256": "sha256:421aa01f216f64f1b22d6dc44ad415c7cbf2aa77d5c8aea6abf587e391d7e17a", "bytes": 87850, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "10.1038/s41598-022-06476-1", "version": null, "note": "Full article fetched from PMC; the checksum covers the rendered section body, not the original XML bytes.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC8850557", "source": "europe_pmc_fulltext", "coverage": "whole_body", "text_hash_scope": "rendered_section_body"}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE108886", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE108886", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE108886", "version": null, "note": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis.", "access_statement_kind": "repository_route_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM2915444", "GSM2915445", "GSM2915446", "GSM2915447", "GSM2915448", "GSM2915449", "GSM2915450", "GSM2915451", "GSM2915452", "GSM2915453", "GSM2915454", "GSM2915455"], "sample_count": 12, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "10558", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "Spermatogenomics: correlating testicular gene expression to human male infertility", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:54Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE145467", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE145467", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE145467", "version": null, "note": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis.", "access_statement_kind": "repository_route_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM4318655", "GSM4318656", "GSM4318657", "GSM4318658", "GSM4318660", "GSM4318662", "GSM4318665", "GSM4318668", "GSM4318670", "GSM4318672", "GSM4318673", "GSM4318674", "GSM4318675", "GSM4318676", "GSM4318677", "GSM4318678", "GSM4318679", "GSM4318680", "GSM4318681", "GSM4318682"], "sample_count": 20, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "4133", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "Transcriptome changes in patients with severely impaired spermatogenesis", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:54Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE25518", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE25518", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE25518", "version": null, "note": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis.", "access_statement_kind": "repository_route_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM627468", "GSM627469", "GSM627470", "GSM627471", "GSM627472", "GSM627473", "GSM627474", "GSM627475", "GSM627476", "GSM627477", "GSM627478", "GSM627479", "GSM627480", "GSM627481", "GSM627482", "GSM627483", "GSM627484", "GSM627485", "GSM627486", "GSM627487", "GSM627488", "GSM627489", "GSM627490"], "sample_count": 23, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "570", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "Testis developmental gene expression in cryptorchid boys at risk of azoospermia", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:54Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE45885", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE45885", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE45885", "version": null, "note": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis.", "access_statement_kind": "repository_route_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM1118241", "GSM1118242", "GSM1118243", "GSM1118244", "GSM1118245", "GSM1118246", "GSM1118247", "GSM1118248", "GSM1118249", "GSM1118250", "GSM1118251", "GSM1118252", "GSM1118253", "GSM1118254", "GSM1118255", "GSM1118256", "GSM1118257", "GSM1118258", "GSM1118259", "GSM1118260", "GSM1118261", "GSM1118262", "GSM1118263", "GSM1118264", "GSM1118265", "GSM1118266", "GSM1118267", "GSM1118268", "GSM1118269", "GSM1118270", "GSM1118271"], "sample_count": 31, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "6244", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "Potential biomarkers of non-obstructive azoospermia identified in microarray gene expression analysis", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:54Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE45887", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE45887", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE45887", "version": null, "note": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis.", "access_statement_kind": "repository_route_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM1118281", "GSM1118282", "GSM1118283", "GSM1118284", "GSM1118285", "GSM1118286", "GSM1118287", "GSM1118288", "GSM1118289", "GSM1118290", "GSM1118291", "GSM1118292", "GSM1118293", "GSM1118294", "GSM1118295", "GSM1118296", "GSM1118297", "GSM1118298", "GSM1118299", "GSM1118300"], "sample_count": 20, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "6244", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "The gene expression analysis of paracrine/autocrine factors in patients with spermatogenetic failure compared to normal spermatogenesis", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T18:06:44Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE9210", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE9210", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE9210", "version": null, "note": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis.", "access_statement_kind": "repository_route_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM232970", "GSM232971", "GSM232972", "GSM232973", "GSM232974", "GSM232975", "GSM232976", "GSM232977", "GSM232978", "GSM232979", "GSM232980", "GSM232981", "GSM232982", "GSM232983", "GSM232984", "GSM232985", "GSM232986", "GSM232987", "GSM232988", "GSM232989", "GSM232990", "GSM232991", "GSM232992", "GSM232993", "GSM232994", "GSM232995", "GSM232996", "GSM232997", "GSM232998", "GSM232999", "GSM233000", "GSM233001", "GSM233002", "GSM233003", "GSM233004", "GSM233005", "GSM233006", "GSM233007", "GSM233008", "GSM233009", "GSM233010", "GSM233011", "GSM233012", "GSM233013", "GSM233014", "GSM233015", "GSM233016", "GSM233017", "GSM233018", "GSM233019", "GSM233020", "GSM233021", "GSM233022", "GSM233023", "GSM233024", "GSM233025", "GSM233026", "GSM233027"], "sample_count": 58, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "887", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "A testicular gene expression profile for NOA patients, and ART3 as a genetic susceptibility gene for NOA", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:55Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}], "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE108886 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE108886 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE145467 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE145467 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE25518 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE25518 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE45885 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE45885 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE45887 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE45887 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE9210 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE9210 licence not read"]}, "analysis": {"state": "complete", "methods": [{"id": "method-1", "family": "differential_expression", "specific": "limma_voom", "label": "Differential expression analysis", "dsl_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {"fdr_threshold": "d probes selected using FDR < 0"}, "data_shapes": ["count_matrix_with_condition"], "evidence": {"score": 1.0, "band": "verbatim", "quote": "Identifying DEGs for each dataset was performed as previously described20. In brief, the GEOquery and limma R packages through the GEO2R tool for each dataset was used as follows21: The samples were grouped into diseases and healthy and then analyzed using the following parameters: applying log transformation to the data, applying limma precision weights (vooma), and force normalization. After sorting the genes according to the False Discovery Rate (FDR), the top differentially expressed probes with FDR < 0.05 were selected from each dataset."}}], "targets": [], "gaps": []}, "capability": {"state": "complete", "requirements": [{"capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "label": "Computational analysis platform", "assay_families": ["meta_analysis", "machine_learning", "survival_analysis", "statistical_regression", "pca", "molecular_docking", "network_analysis", "differential_expression", "gwas"], "availability_state": "owned", "tier_unlocked": "R1", "candidate": "Automated Assays Laravel application and simulated adapters"}], "gaps": []}, "readiness": {"state": "complete", "tier": "R1", "blocking_axis": "none", "blocked_on": "nothing:replicable_now", "axes": {"method": {"tier": "R1", "expressible": true, "required_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "missing_operations": [], "basis": "The paper names the method it used and the corpus's method extractor maps it onto the DSL catalogue: limma_voom."}, "capability": {"tier": "R1", "capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "availability_state": "owned", "basis": "The computational analysis is owned. The physical bench the paper used is not, so a physical validation cannot be run here."}, "data": {"tier": "R1", "reachable": true, "accessions": ["GSE145467", "GSE108886", "GSE45887", "GSE45885", "GSE25518", "GSE9210"], "resolved_accessions": ["GSE145467", "GSE108886", "GSE45887", "GSE45885", "GSE25518", "GSE9210"], "statements": ["(i)GSE145467 (patients with impaired spermatogenesis (NOA; n = 10) and patients with normal spermatogenesis (OA; n = 10). This study regarded testicular samples collected from OA patients as control since they presented with complete spermatogenesis."], "basis": "The paper names GSE145467, GSE108886, GSE45887, GSE45885, GSE25518, GSE9210 in gene expression omnibus (GEO) database and the accession resolves in the repository. No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read."}}, "can_run": {"dsl_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "assets": ["source:pmid:35173218", "data:geo:GSE108886"], "steps": ["run_analysis"]}, "must_build": {"dsl_operations": [], "converters": [], "readers": [], "capabilities": [], "data_gaps": ["data:geo:GSE108886"]}, "gaps": []}, "review": {"state": "partial", "machine_critique": {"kind": "extraction_review", "reader": {"model": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax", "provider_family": "minimax", "read_at": "2026-11-01T17:34:29Z", "independence": "single_reader"}, "evidence_check": {"method": "verbatim", "availability": null}, "calls": 5, "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 24768, "completion_tokens": 2010, "cached_tokens": 256}}, "human_critique": null, "stages": [{"id": "extraction", "state": "complete", "reader": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax"}], "gaps": ["review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique", "review.human_critique"]}, "execution": {"state": "absent", "status": "not_run", "mode": null, "runs": [], "gaps": ["execution.not_run"]}, "provenance": {"entities": [{"id": "pmid:35173218", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:35173218"}, {"id": "source:pmid:35173218", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 35173218 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE108886", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE108886"}], "activities": [{"id": "activity-reading-sci-2026-11-01", "type": "classification", "used": [{"id": "pmid:35173218", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:35173218"}, {"id": "source:pmid:35173218", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 35173218 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE108886", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE108886"}], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}, {"id": "activity-read-35173218", "type": "extraction", "used": ["source:pmid:35173218"], "agent": "agent:minimax-reader"}, {"id": "activity-resolve-GSE108886", "type": "accession_resolution", "used": ["data:geo:GSE108886"], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}], "agents": [{"id": "agent:corpus-assay-engine", "type": "software", "label": "Corpus assay engine"}, {"id": "agent:minimax-reader", "type": "software", "label": "MiniMax literature reader"}], "source_run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01", "dsl_catalogue_fingerprint": "343fb30756ba6ec3", "capability_table_fingerprint": "2cb3e42f047d2ecf", "snapshot_id": "ba34b49490d9bfaf"}, "lineage": {"parent_id": "pmid:35173218", "parent_hash": "sha256:52c73e03a89292fd314c43138a8432d6050768f740bdf7655f6e90892e20d19f", "fork_of": null, "generation": 5}, "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE108886 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE108886 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE145467 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE145467 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE25518 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE25518 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE45885 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE45885 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE45887 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE45887 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE9210 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE9210 not downloaded", "execution.not_run", "review.human_critique", "review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique"], "assays": [{"role": "analysis", "definition_id": "differential_expression", "definition_version": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "support_state": "supported", "source_hashes": {"dsl_catalogue": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e"}, "confidence": 1.0, "evidence": ["Identifying DEGs for each dataset was performed as previously described20. In brief, the GEOquery and limma R packages through the GEO2R tool for each dataset was used as follows21: The samples were grouped into diseases and healthy and then analyzed using the following parameters: applying log transformation to the data, applying limma precision weights (vooma), and force normalization. After sorting the genes according to the False Discovery Rate (FDR), the top differentially expressed probes with FDR < 0.05 were selected from each dataset."], "order_basis": "analysis_only", "id": "assay:1"}]},"meta":{"api_version":"v1","automation_ladder_snapshot":"ba34b49490d9bfaf","automation_ladder_caveats":["Method extraction is rule-based and has no hand-judged accuracy sample. Evidence bands order textual support; method agreement intervals are null (n=0), never probabilities. Work-type validation does not validate methods.","Operation coverage describes only explicitly named methods. It does not prove a complete protocol, compatible parameters, successful compilation or re-execution. Unrecognised or ambiguous methods require review.","Data reachability is a textual accession or public-data statement. No dataset was downloaded or checked for access, completeness or licence.","Capabilities are planning states seeded from the dated equipment register. No bench ownership, completed quote or partner booking is inferred. Procurement counts are dependencies, not guaranteed replications or financial returns.","Tier and blocker counts are deterministic assessments of this corpus, not measured agreement. R3 is reserved for procurement; unresolved methods and data require human work (R4). The most restrictive axis wins, with capability, method, data as tie-breaks. Resolving one blocker can leave another at the same tier."],"engine":"corpus_engine","engine_provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","run_id":"run-20261023T122449232913","source":"esearch","source_detail":"PubMed mirror biomed_pubmed (read-only)","run_status":"complete","imported_at":"2026-11-03T20:16:52+00:00","generated_at":"2026-11-04T02:39:24+00:00","total_papers":5529,"total_assays_tracked":29,"automatable_assay_families":6,"validated":true,"caveat_count":9,"blocking_caveats":5,"caveats":[{"code":"low_evidence_dominates","basis":["4,152 of 5,529 classifications (75.1%) matched no cue evidence and sit at the 0.05 floor.","34 of 230 data_only calls (14.8%) are in that group."],"claim":"Work type and confidence bands","gloss":"Most records were classified from their title and framing alone, with assay-cue coverage at zero.","detail":"Most classifications in this run rest on no matched evidence at all. At the evidence floor the work type comes from title framing and a fixed prior, not from anything in the paper, so the published work-type split should be read as a rough triage signal rather than a measured distribution. The impact is bounded but not removed: since 2026-10-23 the engine excludes floor-confidence records from the shortlist entirely and publishes them separately as held out, so the recommendation is unaffected even though the census is.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"runtime_is_modelled","basis":["Runtime is summed from published per-assay hour figures. Timing awaits the first executed replication.","4,407 of 5,529 records (79.7%) model to 0.00 hours because no assay was matched, which the ranking then reads as \"cheapest\".","0 of 10 shortlisted records carry a 0.00-hour estimate."],"claim":"Estimated replication runtime","gloss":"The hour figures are estimates built from assay mentions; timing awaits the first executed replication.","detail":"The hour figures are a cost model derived from the bench steps implied by each matched assay family. The first executed replication will supply measured timing. Records without an assay match currently receive a zero-hour model value.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"signal_score_without_citations","basis":["5,529 of 5,529 records (100.0%) have no citation count from the source metadata."],"claim":"Signal score","gloss":"The signal score uses publication-type weight because the mirror supplied zero citation counts.","detail":"The source supplied no citation counts for any record in this run, so the signal score is publication-type weight only. The citation term of the ranking is inert here, and the shortlist is ordered by publication type alone.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"abstract_absent","basis":["1,667 of 5,529 records (30.2%) carry no abstract at all."],"claim":"Evidence base for classification","gloss":"Some records contain a title and publication type only, defining the available classification evidence.","detail":"Where the mirror contains a title and publication types only, those fields define the classifier evidence. A methods section is required for fuller automated and human review.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"},{"code":"classifier_agreement_measured","basis":["Published two-way decision agreement 77.7% (310 of 399 decidable records) from a stratified hand-check of 438 real records.","Three-way diagnostic agreement 73.9% (288 of 390 decidable records).","data_only agreement 75.2% (100 of 133 decidable).","48 record(s) could not be decided from title and abstract and were excluded from the denominator.","56 analysis-only records were published under another work type, so the data_only share is not an upper bound."],"claim":"Published automatable decision","gloss":"This figure has been checked against a human reading the same papers, so we know how often it is right.","detail":"The published automatable / not-automatable distribution comes from a rule-based classifier that was hand-checked against a fixed ground-truth definition. The agreement rates below are measured, not estimated. The three-way work type remains a diagnostic and is reported separately.","status":"measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"llm_comparison_not_measured","basis":["rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f produced 5,529 of 5,529 classifications.","Measured on 438 labelled records; these are RULE-BASED figures, not model results."],"claim":"Rule-based versus LLM agreement","gloss":"Every number here is the rule engine’s own. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","detail":"The published two-way decision agreed with a human reading on 310 of 399 decidable records (77.7%). The diagnostic three-way label agreed on 288 of 390 decidable records (73.9%). Every percentage in this run belongs to the rule engine. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","status":"not_measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"confidence_is_a_band","basis":["low band: 135 of 210 hand-judged records were correct, 64.3% [57.6, 70.5] (95% CI).","medium band: 80 of 104 hand-judged records were correct, 76.9% [68.0, 84.0] (95% CI).","high band: 73 of 76 hand-judged records were correct, 96.0% [89.0, 98.7] (95% CI).","A fitted calibrated probability was built, measured and withdrawn: it overstated held-out accuracy and reorders nothing."],"claim":"Confidence band and evidence score","gloss":"The confidence band carries a measured accuracy interval; 0.85 represents relative rank strength.","detail":"Confidence on this run is a BAND plus its measured accuracy interval. The number stored alongside each record is a monotone evidence score that orders records; 0.85 represents relative rank strength. A fitted probability was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy. Threshold on the band.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"three_way_split_is_diagnostic","basis":["The corpus is published at the two-way decision: automatable or not-automatable. The three-way split (data_only / physical / mixed) is published as a diagnostic with its measured reliability attached, not as a claim, because the rule engine's `mixed` call cannot be defended.","The engine called 22 record(s) mixed; 10 matched the human judgement (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9-65.3).","The engine's `mixed` call is right on 10/22 hand-judged records (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9%-65.3%); a constant `physical` guess scores 36.4%.","The engine's `mixed` call does not reliably beat a constant `physical` guess on the hand-judged records it labels mixed.","The sign of that difference flips between two independent samples, so the three-way refinement is not demonstrably informative.","The mixed stratum contributes a disproportionate share of errors relative to its size.","At title-only depth the physical/mixed split collapses: a title says that work was done, not whether it was also analysed."],"claim":"The published decision is two-way","gloss":"The three-way split is shown for diagnosis only. The published split is two ways.","detail":"Count and filter the corpus on automatable versus not-automatable. The data_only / physical / mixed split remains an internal engine diagnostic because the mixed call has lower measured reliability.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"automatable_flag_unproven","basis":["6 of 29 assay families are marked automatable now: meta_analysis, machine_learning, survival_analysis, pca, molecular_docking, differential_expression.","The flag is a rule over assay family and work type; validation begins with the first executed replication.","It inherits the 75.2% data_only agreement rate, because the flag requires the record to be analysis-only."],"claim":"Automatable now","gloss":"This flag marks assay families the rules classify as data-only. The first executed replication will validate it.","detail":"This flag marks families the rules consider replicable from data alone. Its validity depends on the analysis-only classification and will be measured through an executed replication.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"}],"confidence_policy":"band_with_measured_interval","confidence_contract":{"policy":"band_with_measured_interval","summary":"Confidence is reported as a BAND with a measured accuracy interval. The raw evidence score supplies monotone ordering. A fitted point estimate was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy.","evidence_score":"A monotone evidence score in [0,1] built from cue mass, axis separation and text coverage. Use it to order records. Interpret 0.85 as relative rank strength.","confidence_band":"low | medium | high. Consumers threshold on this value.","band_accuracy":"Wilson 95% interval on the measured agreement of the hand-judged records in this band.","calibrated_confidence":"WITHDRAWN. Reintroduction requires held-out evidence demonstrating reliable estimates across every bin."},"band_accuracy":{"low":{"n":210,"low":0.576,"band":"low","high":0.7046,"agree":135,"accuracy":0.6429},"high":{"n":76,"low":0.8903,"band":"high","high":0.9865,"agree":73,"accuracy":0.9605},"medium":{"n":104,"low":0.6795,"band":"medium","high":0.8397,"agree":80,"accuracy":0.7692}},"provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","lexicon_id":"99e1195c7d6f","contract_published_at":"2026-10-23T12:25:29.022232+00:00","confidence_is_band":true,"confidence_is_probability":false,"decision_taxonomy":"two_way","decidable_fraction_two_way":0.8854,"decidable_fraction_two_way_low":0.8565,"decidable_fraction_two_way_high":0.9143,"decidable_fraction_three_way":0.8586,"decidable_fraction_three_way_low":0.8287,"decidable_fraction_three_way_high":0.8884,"decidable_population":5529,"validation_sample_size":438,"three_way_cost_fraction":0.0268,"three_way_cost_records":148,"decision_counts":{"automatable":230,"not_automatable":5299},"decision_split":{"automatable":{"count":230,"share":0.04159884246699222},"not_automatable":{"count":5299,"share":0.9584011575330078}},"diagnostic_work_type_counts":{"mixed":24,"physical":5275,"data_only":230}}}