{"data":{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:36532037", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 3, "content_hash": "sha256:13d819f05d5b86be8c85c14a0f9fc329481bd73e63fdb61159c5ad2ca435baa2", "created_at": "2026-11-01T19:01:03Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:08:22Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Construction and validation of a robust prognostic model based on immune features in sepsis.", "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2022.994295", "pmid": "36532037", "authors": ["Yongxin Zheng", "Baiyun Liu", "Xiumei Deng", "Yubiao Chen", "Yongbo Huang", "Yu Zhang", "Yonghao Xu", "Ling Sang", "Xiaoqing Liu", "Yimin Li"], "journal": "Frontiers in immunology", "year": 2022, "abstract": "Purpose: Sepsis, with life-threatening organ failure, is caused by the uncontrolled host response to infection. Immune response plays an important role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Immune-related genes (IRGs) are promising novel biomarkers that have been used to construct the diagnostic and prognostic model. However, an IRG prognostic model used to predict the 28-day mortality in sepsis was still limited. Therefore, the study aimed to develop a prognostic model based on IRGs to identify patients with high risk and predict the 28-day mortality in sepsis. Then, we further explore the circulating immune cell and immunosuppression state in sepsis.\nMaterials and methods: The differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially expressed immune-related genes (DEIRGs), and differentially expressed transcription factors (DETFs) were obtained from the GEO, ImmPort, and Cistrome databases. Then, the TFs-DEIRGs regulatory network and prognostic prediction model were constructed by Cox regression analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. The external datasets also validated the reliability of the prognostic model. Based on the prognostic DEIRGs, we developed a nomogram and conducted an independent prognosis analysis to explore the relationship between DEIRGs in the prognostic model and clinical features in sepsis. Besides, we further evaluate the circulating immune cells state in sepsis.\nResults: A total of seven datasets were included in our study. Among them, GSE65682 was identified as a discovery cohort. The results of GSEA showed that there is a significant correlation between sepsis and immune response. Then, based on a P value <0.01, 69 prognostic DEIRGs were obtained and the potential molecular mechanisms of DEIRGs were also clarified. According to multivariate Cox regression analysis, 22 DEIRGs were further identified to construct the prognostic model and identify patients with high risk. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high-risk groups have higher 28-day mortality than low-risk groups (P=1.105e-13). The AUC value was 0.879 which symbolized that the prognostic model had a better accuracy to predict the 28-day mortality. The external datasets also prove that the prognostic model had an excellent prediction value. Furthermore, the results of correlation analysis showed that patients with Mars1 might have higher risk scores than Mars2-4 (P=0.002). According to the previous study, Mars1 endotype was characterized by immunoparalysis. Thus, the sepsis patients in high-risk groups might exist the immunosuppression. Between the high-risk and low-risk groups, circulating immune cells types were significantly different, and risk score was significantly negatively correlated with naive CD4+ T cells (P=0.019), activated NK cells (P=0.0045), monocytes (P=0.0134), and M1 macrophages (P=0.0002).\nConclusions: Our study provides a robust prognostic model based on 22 DEIRGs which can predict 28-day mortality and immunosuppression status in sepsis. The higher risk score was positively associated with 28-day mortality and the development of immunosuppression. IRGs are a promising biomarker that might facilitate personalized treatments for sepsis.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The prognostic prediction model was constructed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36532037", "locator": "sections[12] \"Statistical analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The prognostic prediction model was constructed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/ Supplementary Material .", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36532037", "locator": "sections[24] \"Data availability statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/ Supplementary Material ."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "The AUC value was 0.879 which symbolized that the prognostic model had a better accuracy to predict the 28-day mortality.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36532037", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "The AUC value was 0.879 which symbolized that the prognostic model had a better accuracy to predict the 28-day mortality."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "The AUC value was 0.879 which symbolized that the prognostic model had a better accuracy to predict the 28-day mortality.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:36532037"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:E-MTAB-4451"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:E-MTAB-4451"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:36532037", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.994295", "sha256": "sha256:8459e2e7220d924222a112d027cd4278a2b2b4c4a9208a97cf160182d0e6c608", "bytes": 52788, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "10.3389/fimmu.2022.994295", "version": null, "note": "Full article fetched from PMC; the checksum covers the rendered section body, not the original XML bytes.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC9756843", "source": "europe_pmc_fulltext", "coverage": "whole_body", "text_hash_scope": "rendered_section_body"}}, {"id": "data:geo:E-MTAB-4451", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=E-MTAB-4451", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "E-MTAB-4451", "version": null, "note": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. 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"asset:data:geo:GSE95233 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE95233 licence not read"]}, "analysis": {"state": "complete", "methods": [{"id": "method-1", "family": "survival_analysis", "specific": "cox_proportional_hazards", "label": "Survival analysis", "dsl_operations": ["cox_ph"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["time_to_event_with_censoring"], "evidence": {"score": 1.0, "band": "verbatim", "quote": "The prognostic prediction model was constructed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis."}}, {"id": "method-2", "family": "survival_analysis", "specific": "kaplan_meier", "label": "Survival analysis", "dsl_operations": ["survival_km"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["time_to_event_with_censoring"], "evidence": {"score": 0.7, "band": "medium", "quote": "Kaplan-Meier"}}, {"id": "method-3", "family": "differential_expression", "specific": "limma_voom", "label": "Differential 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"owned", "tier_unlocked": "R1", "candidate": "Automated Assays Laravel application and simulated adapters"}], "gaps": []}, "readiness": {"state": "complete", "tier": "R1", "blocking_axis": "none", "blocked_on": "nothing:replicable_now", "axes": {"method": {"tier": "R1", "expressible": true, "required_operations": ["cox_ph"], "missing_operations": [], "basis": "The paper names the method it used and the corpus's method extractor maps it onto the DSL catalogue: cox_proportional_hazards."}, "capability": {"tier": "R1", "capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "availability_state": "owned", "basis": "The computational analysis is owned. The physical bench the paper used is not, so a physical validation cannot be run here."}, "data": {"tier": "R1", "reachable": true, "accessions": ["GSE65682", "GSE63062", "GSE95233", "GSE106878", "GSE63042", "E-MTAB-4451", "E-MTAB-5273", "E-MTAB-5274"], "resolved_accessions": ["GSE65682", "GSE63062", "GSE95233", "GSE106878", "GSE63042", "E-MTAB-4451", "E-MTAB-5273", "E-MTAB-5274"], "statements": ["The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/ Supplementary Material ."], "basis": "The paper names GSE65682, GSE63062, GSE95233, GSE106878, GSE63042, E-MTAB-4451, E-MTAB-5273, E-MTAB-5274 in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the accession resolves in the repository. No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read."}}, "can_run": {"dsl_operations": ["cox_ph"], "assets": ["source:pmid:36532037", "data:geo:E-MTAB-4451"], "steps": ["run_analysis"]}, "must_build": {"dsl_operations": [], "converters": [], "readers": [], "capabilities": [], "data_gaps": ["data:geo:E-MTAB-4451"]}, "gaps": []}, "review": {"state": "partial", "machine_critique": {"kind": "extraction_review", "reader": {"model": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax", "provider_family": "minimax", "read_at": "2026-11-01T18:20:19Z", "independence": "single_reader"}, "evidence_check": {"method": "verbatim", "availability": "verbatim"}, "calls": 5, "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 14958, "completion_tokens": 2857, "cached_tokens": 264}}, "human_critique": null, "stages": [{"id": "extraction", "state": "complete", "reader": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax"}], "gaps": ["review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique", "review.human_critique"]}, "execution": {"state": "absent", "status": "not_run", "mode": null, "runs": [], "gaps": ["execution.not_run"]}, "provenance": {"entities": [{"id": "pmid:36532037", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:36532037"}, {"id": "source:pmid:36532037", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 36532037 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:E-MTAB-4451", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO E-MTAB-4451"}], "activities": [{"id": "activity-reading-sci-2026-11-01", "type": "classification", "used": [{"id": "pmid:36532037", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:36532037"}, {"id": "source:pmid:36532037", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 36532037 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:E-MTAB-4451", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO E-MTAB-4451"}], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}, {"id": "activity-read-36532037", "type": "extraction", "used": ["source:pmid:36532037"], "agent": "agent:minimax-reader"}, {"id": "activity-resolve-E-MTAB-4451", "type": "accession_resolution", "used": ["data:geo:E-MTAB-4451"], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}], "agents": [{"id": "agent:corpus-assay-engine", "type": "software", "label": "Corpus assay engine"}, {"id": "agent:minimax-reader", "type": "software", "label": "MiniMax literature reader"}], "source_run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01", "dsl_catalogue_fingerprint": "343fb30756ba6ec3", "capability_table_fingerprint": "2cb3e42f047d2ecf", "snapshot_id": "ba34b49490d9bfaf"}, "lineage": {"parent_id": "pmid:36532037", "parent_hash": "sha256:3295dc94052230a906c97d78fc5edafdb9827d12209c71b16efcf4f2992606f2", "fork_of": null, "generation": 2}, "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:E-MTAB-4451 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:E-MTAB-4451 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:E-MTAB-5273 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:E-MTAB-5273 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:E-MTAB-5274 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:E-MTAB-5274 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE106878 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE106878 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE63042 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE63042 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE63062 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE63062 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE65682 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE65682 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE95233 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE95233 not downloaded", "execution.not_run", "review.human_critique", "review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique"], "assays": [{"role": "analysis", "definition_id": "survival_analysis", "definition_version": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": ["cox_ph"], "support_state": "supported", "source_hashes": {"dsl_catalogue": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e"}, "confidence": 1.0, "evidence": ["The prognostic prediction model was constructed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis."], "order_basis": "analysis_only", "id": "assay:1"}]},"meta":{"api_version":"v1","automation_ladder_snapshot":"ba34b49490d9bfaf","automation_ladder_caveats":["Method extraction is rule-based and has no hand-judged accuracy sample. Evidence bands order textual support; method agreement intervals are null (n=0), never probabilities. Work-type validation does not validate methods.","Operation coverage describes only explicitly named methods. It does not prove a complete protocol, compatible parameters, successful compilation or re-execution. Unrecognised or ambiguous methods require review.","Data reachability is a textual accession or public-data statement. No dataset was downloaded or checked for access, completeness or licence.","Capabilities are planning states seeded from the dated equipment register. No bench ownership, completed quote or partner booking is inferred. Procurement counts are dependencies, not guaranteed replications or financial returns.","Tier and blocker counts are deterministic assessments of this corpus, not measured agreement. R3 is reserved for procurement; unresolved methods and data require human work (R4). The most restrictive axis wins, with capability, method, data as tie-breaks. Resolving one blocker can leave another at the same tier."],"engine":"corpus_engine","engine_provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","run_id":"run-20261023T122449232913","source":"esearch","source_detail":"PubMed mirror biomed_pubmed (read-only)","run_status":"complete","imported_at":"2026-11-03T20:16:52+00:00","generated_at":"2026-11-04T02:39:25+00:00","total_papers":5529,"total_assays_tracked":29,"automatable_assay_families":6,"validated":true,"caveat_count":9,"blocking_caveats":5,"caveats":[{"code":"low_evidence_dominates","basis":["4,152 of 5,529 classifications (75.1%) matched no cue evidence and sit at the 0.05 floor.","34 of 230 data_only calls (14.8%) are in that group."],"claim":"Work type and confidence bands","gloss":"Most records were classified from their title and framing alone, with assay-cue coverage at zero.","detail":"Most classifications in this run rest on no matched evidence at all. At the evidence floor the work type comes from title framing and a fixed prior, not from anything in the paper, so the published work-type split should be read as a rough triage signal rather than a measured distribution. The impact is bounded but not removed: since 2026-10-23 the engine excludes floor-confidence records from the shortlist entirely and publishes them separately as held out, so the recommendation is unaffected even though the census is.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"runtime_is_modelled","basis":["Runtime is summed from published per-assay hour figures. Timing awaits the first executed replication.","4,407 of 5,529 records (79.7%) model to 0.00 hours because no assay was matched, which the ranking then reads as \"cheapest\".","0 of 10 shortlisted records carry a 0.00-hour estimate."],"claim":"Estimated replication runtime","gloss":"The hour figures are estimates built from assay mentions; timing awaits the first executed replication.","detail":"The hour figures are a cost model derived from the bench steps implied by each matched assay family. The first executed replication will supply measured timing. Records without an assay match currently receive a zero-hour model value.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"signal_score_without_citations","basis":["5,529 of 5,529 records (100.0%) have no citation count from the source metadata."],"claim":"Signal score","gloss":"The signal score uses publication-type weight because the mirror supplied zero citation counts.","detail":"The source supplied no citation counts for any record in this run, so the signal score is publication-type weight only. The citation term of the ranking is inert here, and the shortlist is ordered by publication type alone.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"abstract_absent","basis":["1,667 of 5,529 records (30.2%) carry no abstract at all."],"claim":"Evidence base for classification","gloss":"Some records contain a title and publication type only, defining the available classification evidence.","detail":"Where the mirror contains a title and publication types only, those fields define the classifier evidence. A methods section is required for fuller automated and human review.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"},{"code":"classifier_agreement_measured","basis":["Published two-way decision agreement 77.7% (310 of 399 decidable records) from a stratified hand-check of 438 real records.","Three-way diagnostic agreement 73.9% (288 of 390 decidable records).","data_only agreement 75.2% (100 of 133 decidable).","48 record(s) could not be decided from title and abstract and were excluded from the denominator.","56 analysis-only records were published under another work type, so the data_only share is not an upper bound."],"claim":"Published automatable decision","gloss":"This figure has been checked against a human reading the same papers, so we know how often it is right.","detail":"The published automatable / not-automatable distribution comes from a rule-based classifier that was hand-checked against a fixed ground-truth definition. The agreement rates below are measured, not estimated. The three-way work type remains a diagnostic and is reported separately.","status":"measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"llm_comparison_not_measured","basis":["rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f produced 5,529 of 5,529 classifications.","Measured on 438 labelled records; these are RULE-BASED figures, not model results."],"claim":"Rule-based versus LLM agreement","gloss":"Every number here is the rule engine’s own. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","detail":"The published two-way decision agreed with a human reading on 310 of 399 decidable records (77.7%). The diagnostic three-way label agreed on 288 of 390 decidable records (73.9%). Every percentage in this run belongs to the rule engine. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","status":"not_measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"confidence_is_a_band","basis":["low band: 135 of 210 hand-judged records were correct, 64.3% [57.6, 70.5] (95% CI).","medium band: 80 of 104 hand-judged records were correct, 76.9% [68.0, 84.0] (95% CI).","high band: 73 of 76 hand-judged records were correct, 96.0% [89.0, 98.7] (95% CI).","A fitted calibrated probability was built, measured and withdrawn: it overstated held-out accuracy and reorders nothing."],"claim":"Confidence band and evidence score","gloss":"The confidence band carries a measured accuracy interval; 0.85 represents relative rank strength.","detail":"Confidence on this run is a BAND plus its measured accuracy interval. The number stored alongside each record is a monotone evidence score that orders records; 0.85 represents relative rank strength. A fitted probability was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy. Threshold on the band.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"three_way_split_is_diagnostic","basis":["The corpus is published at the two-way decision: automatable or not-automatable. The three-way split (data_only / physical / mixed) is published as a diagnostic with its measured reliability attached, not as a claim, because the rule engine's `mixed` call cannot be defended.","The engine called 22 record(s) mixed; 10 matched the human judgement (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9-65.3).","The engine's `mixed` call is right on 10/22 hand-judged records (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9%-65.3%); a constant `physical` guess scores 36.4%.","The engine's `mixed` call does not reliably beat a constant `physical` guess on the hand-judged records it labels mixed.","The sign of that difference flips between two independent samples, so the three-way refinement is not demonstrably informative.","The mixed stratum contributes a disproportionate share of errors relative to its size.","At title-only depth the physical/mixed split collapses: a title says that work was done, not whether it was also analysed."],"claim":"The published decision is two-way","gloss":"The three-way split is shown for diagnosis only. The published split is two ways.","detail":"Count and filter the corpus on automatable versus not-automatable. The data_only / physical / mixed split remains an internal engine diagnostic because the mixed call has lower measured reliability.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"automatable_flag_unproven","basis":["6 of 29 assay families are marked automatable now: meta_analysis, machine_learning, survival_analysis, pca, molecular_docking, differential_expression.","The flag is a rule over assay family and work type; validation begins with the first executed replication.","It inherits the 75.2% data_only agreement rate, because the flag requires the record to be analysis-only."],"claim":"Automatable now","gloss":"This flag marks assay families the rules classify as data-only. The first executed replication will validate it.","detail":"This flag marks families the rules consider replicable from data alone. Its validity depends on the analysis-only classification and will be measured through an executed replication.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"}],"confidence_policy":"band_with_measured_interval","confidence_contract":{"policy":"band_with_measured_interval","summary":"Confidence is reported as a BAND with a measured accuracy interval. The raw evidence score supplies monotone ordering. A fitted point estimate was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy.","evidence_score":"A monotone evidence score in [0,1] built from cue mass, axis separation and text coverage. Use it to order records. Interpret 0.85 as relative rank strength.","confidence_band":"low | medium | high. Consumers threshold on this value.","band_accuracy":"Wilson 95% interval on the measured agreement of the hand-judged records in this band.","calibrated_confidence":"WITHDRAWN. Reintroduction requires held-out evidence demonstrating reliable estimates across every bin."},"band_accuracy":{"low":{"n":210,"low":0.576,"band":"low","high":0.7046,"agree":135,"accuracy":0.6429},"high":{"n":76,"low":0.8903,"band":"high","high":0.9865,"agree":73,"accuracy":0.9605},"medium":{"n":104,"low":0.6795,"band":"medium","high":0.8397,"agree":80,"accuracy":0.7692}},"provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","lexicon_id":"99e1195c7d6f","contract_published_at":"2026-10-23T12:25:29.022232+00:00","confidence_is_band":true,"confidence_is_probability":false,"decision_taxonomy":"two_way","decidable_fraction_two_way":0.8854,"decidable_fraction_two_way_low":0.8565,"decidable_fraction_two_way_high":0.9143,"decidable_fraction_three_way":0.8586,"decidable_fraction_three_way_low":0.8287,"decidable_fraction_three_way_high":0.8884,"decidable_population":5529,"validation_sample_size":438,"three_way_cost_fraction":0.0268,"three_way_cost_records":148,"decision_counts":{"automatable":230,"not_automatable":5299},"decision_split":{"automatable":{"count":230,"share":0.04159884246699222},"not_automatable":{"count":5299,"share":0.9584011575330078}},"diagnostic_work_type_counts":{"mixed":24,"physical":5275,"data_only":230}}}