{"data":{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:38913913", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 3, "content_hash": "sha256:047eef2cde449b8f8b3ccc3808b7df558f5f38dd9d579a75115b6f11c1c39cd2", "created_at": "2026-11-01T20:28:59Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:12:06Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Identification and validation of key genes in gastric cancer: insights from in silico analysis, clinical samples, and functional assays.", "doi": "10.18632/aging.205965", "pmid": "38913913", "authors": ["Xiaofeng Pei", "Yuanling Luo", "Huanwen Zeng", "Muhammad Jamil", "Xiaodong Liu", "Bo Jiang"], "journal": "Aging", "year": 2024, "abstract": "INTRODUCTION: The underlying mechanisms of gastric cancer (GC) remain unknown. Therefore, in this study, we employed a comprehensive approach, combining computational and experimental methods, to identify potential key genes and unveil the underlying pathogenesis and prognosis of GC.\nMETHODS: Gene expression profiles from GEO databases (GSE118916, GSE79973, and GSE29272) were analyzed to identify DEGs between GC and normal tissues. A PPI network was constructed using STRING and Cytoscape, followed by hub gene identification with CytoHubba. Investigations included expression and promoter methylation analysis, survival modeling, mutational and miRNA analysis, gene enrichment, drug prediction, and in vitro assays for cellular behaviors.\nRESULTS: A total of 83 DEGs were identified in the three datasets, comprising 41 up-regulated genes and 42 down-regulated genes. Utilizing the degree and MCC methods, we identified four hub genes that were hypomethylated and up-regulated: COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, and FN1. Subsequent validation of their expression and promoter methylation on clinical GC samples through targeted bisulfite sequencing and RT-qPCR analysis further confirmed the hypomethylation and overexpression of these genes in local GC patients. Furthermore, it was observed that these hub genes regulate tumor proliferation and metastasis in in vivo and exhibited mutations in GC patients.\nCONCLUSION: We found four potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, including COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, and FN1 that may be involved in the occurrence and progression of GC.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The construction of our prognostic model involved a stepwise Cox regression approach, which integrated hazard ratio, c-index, and risk score parameters.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38913913", "locator": "sections[29] \"Survival analysis and the construction of a prognostic model\" paragraph 4", "quote": "The construction of our prognostic model involved a stepwise Cox regression approach, which integrated hazard ratio, c-index, and risk score parameters."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The data supporting the findings of the article are available in the GEO database at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38913913", "locator": "sections[22] \"Availability of data and materials\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The data supporting the findings of the article are available in the GEO database at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "The study identified COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, and FN1 as four potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that may be involved in the occurrence and progression of gastric cancer.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38913913", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 4", "quote": "Conclusion: We found four potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, including COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, and FN1 that may be involved in the occurrence and progression of GC."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "The study identified COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, and FN1 as four potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that may be involved in the occurrence and progression of gastric cancer.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:38913913"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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The physical bench the paper used is not, so a physical validation cannot be run here."}, "data": {"tier": "R1", "reachable": true, "accessions": ["GSE84437", "GSE84433", "GSE84426", "GSE28541", "GSE26901", "GSE26899", "GSE26253", "GSE183136", "GSE13861"], "resolved_accessions": ["GSE84437", "GSE84433", "GSE84426", "GSE28541", "GSE26901", "GSE26899", "GSE26253", "GSE183136", "GSE13861"], "statements": ["The data supporting the findings of the article are available in the GEO database at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/."], "basis": "The paper names GSE84437, GSE84433, GSE84426, GSE28541, GSE26901, GSE26899, GSE26253, GSE183136, GSE13861 in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the accession resolves in the repository. No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read."}}, "can_run": {"dsl_operations": ["cox_ph"], "assets": ["source:pmid:38913913", "data:geo:GSE13861"], "steps": ["run_analysis"]}, "must_build": {"dsl_operations": [], "converters": [], "readers": [], "capabilities": [], "data_gaps": ["data:geo:GSE13861"]}, "gaps": []}, "review": {"state": "partial", "machine_critique": {"kind": "extraction_review", "reader": {"model": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax", "provider_family": "minimax", "read_at": "2026-11-01T19:22:18Z", "independence": "single_reader"}, "evidence_check": {"method": "verbatim", "availability": "verbatim"}, "calls": 5, "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 12939, "completion_tokens": 2313, "cached_tokens": 264}}, "human_critique": null, "stages": [{"id": "extraction", "state": "complete", "reader": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax"}], "gaps": ["review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique", "review.human_critique"]}, "execution": {"state": "absent", "status": "not_run", "mode": null, "runs": [], "gaps": ["execution.not_run"]}, "provenance": {"entities": [{"id": "pmid:38913913", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:38913913"}, {"id": "source:pmid:38913913", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 38913913 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE13861", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE13861"}], "activities": [{"id": "activity-reading-sci-2026-11-01", "type": "classification", "used": [{"id": "pmid:38913913", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:38913913"}, {"id": "source:pmid:38913913", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 38913913 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE13861", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE13861"}], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}, {"id": "activity-read-38913913", "type": "extraction", "used": ["source:pmid:38913913"], "agent": "agent:minimax-reader"}, {"id": "activity-resolve-GSE13861", "type": "accession_resolution", "used": ["data:geo:GSE13861"], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}], "agents": [{"id": "agent:corpus-assay-engine", "type": "software", "label": "Corpus assay engine"}, {"id": "agent:minimax-reader", "type": "software", "label": "MiniMax literature reader"}], "source_run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01", "dsl_catalogue_fingerprint": "343fb30756ba6ec3", "capability_table_fingerprint": "2cb3e42f047d2ecf", "snapshot_id": "ba34b49490d9bfaf"}, "lineage": {"parent_id": "pmid:38913913", "parent_hash": "sha256:d23f2ae5220f873ba0a0ca5a7dbd8f24af2c9f68d255b1f704dcadf179d4333f", "fork_of": null, "generation": 2}, "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE13861 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE13861 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE183136 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE183136 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE26253 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE26253 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE26899 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE26899 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE26901 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE26901 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE28541 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE28541 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE84426 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE84426 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE84433 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE84433 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE84437 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE84437 not downloaded", "execution.not_run", "review.human_critique", "review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique"], "assays": [{"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "amplicon_seq", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["r methylation on clinical GC samples through targeted bisulfite sequencing and RT-qPCR analysis further confirmed the h", "ishing between GC and controls (Figure 11B). Targeted bisulfite sequencing-based methylation level exploration and rece", "ani GC patients and control samples, and (B) targeted bisulfite sequencing-based ROC curves of the COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1206", "id": "assay:1"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "methylation_array", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["tion on clinical GC samples through targeted bisulfite sequencing and RT-qPCR analysis further conf", "selection criteria. P-value < 0.05. Targeted bisulfite-seq analysis to analyze promoter methylation", "th the GC and control groups, a high rate of bisulfite conversion (C to T) exceeding 99.1% was obse", "tween GC and controls (Figure 11B). Targeted bisulfite sequencing-based methylation level explorati"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1215", "id": "assay:2"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "qpcr", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["es through targeted bisulfite sequencing and RT-qPCR analysis further confirmed the hypomethylati", "through targeted bisulfite sequencing and RT-qPCR analysis further confirmed the hypomethylati", "1 gene expression in clinical GC samples via RT-qPCR To validate the results obtained from the GE", "and control tissue samples was utilized for RT-qPCR analysis of COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, and FN1."], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1240", "id": "assay:3"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "animal_model", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.77, "evidence": ["gulate tumor proliferation and metastasis in in vivo and exhibited mutations in GC patients. CONC"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1448", "id": "assay:4"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "transfection", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["lized in the present study. Cell culture and transfection AGS cell line (obtained from the American Ty", "OL1A1, si-COL1A2, si-COL3A1, and si-FN1. The transfection was facilitated using Lipofectamine 3000 fro", "ultured for an additional 48 hours following transfection. Following are the sequences of the utilized", "A, USA). Following this, we carried out gene knockdown experiments targeting COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1876", "id": "assay:5"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "clinical_cohort", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.77, "evidence": ["COL3A1, and FN1 within clinical GC samples, we enrolled a total of 39 individuals diagnosed with GC,"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:7258", "id": "assay:6"}, {"role": "analysis", "definition_id": "survival_analysis", "definition_version": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": ["cox_ph"], "support_state": "supported", "source_hashes": {"dsl_catalogue": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e"}, "confidence": 1.0, "evidence": ["The construction of our prognostic model involved a stepwise Cox regression approach, which integrated hazard ratio, c-index, and risk score parameters."], "order_basis": "consumes_earlier_output", "id": "assay:7"}]},"meta":{"api_version":"v1","automation_ladder_snapshot":"ba34b49490d9bfaf","automation_ladder_caveats":["Method extraction is rule-based and has no hand-judged accuracy sample. Evidence bands order textual support; method agreement intervals are null (n=0), never probabilities. Work-type validation does not validate methods.","Operation coverage describes only explicitly named methods. It does not prove a complete protocol, compatible parameters, successful compilation or re-execution. Unrecognised or ambiguous methods require review.","Data reachability is a textual accession or public-data statement. No dataset was downloaded or checked for access, completeness or licence.","Capabilities are planning states seeded from the dated equipment register. No bench ownership, completed quote or partner booking is inferred. Procurement counts are dependencies, not guaranteed replications or financial returns.","Tier and blocker counts are deterministic assessments of this corpus, not measured agreement. R3 is reserved for procurement; unresolved methods and data require human work (R4). The most restrictive axis wins, with capability, method, data as tie-breaks. Resolving one blocker can leave another at the same tier."],"engine":"corpus_engine","engine_provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","run_id":"run-20261023T122449232913","source":"esearch","source_detail":"PubMed mirror biomed_pubmed (read-only)","run_status":"complete","imported_at":"2026-11-03T20:16:52+00:00","generated_at":"2026-11-04T00:42:45+00:00","total_papers":5529,"total_assays_tracked":29,"automatable_assay_families":6,"validated":true,"caveat_count":9,"blocking_caveats":5,"caveats":[{"code":"low_evidence_dominates","basis":["4,152 of 5,529 classifications (75.1%) matched no cue evidence and sit at the 0.05 floor.","34 of 230 data_only calls (14.8%) are in that group."],"claim":"Work type and confidence bands","gloss":"Most records were classified from their title and framing alone, with assay-cue coverage at zero.","detail":"Most classifications in this run rest on no matched evidence at all. At the evidence floor the work type comes from title framing and a fixed prior, not from anything in the paper, so the published work-type split should be read as a rough triage signal rather than a measured distribution. The impact is bounded but not removed: since 2026-10-23 the engine excludes floor-confidence records from the shortlist entirely and publishes them separately as held out, so the recommendation is unaffected even though the census is.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"runtime_is_modelled","basis":["Runtime is summed from published per-assay hour figures. Timing awaits the first executed replication.","4,407 of 5,529 records (79.7%) model to 0.00 hours because no assay was matched, which the ranking then reads as \"cheapest\".","0 of 10 shortlisted records carry a 0.00-hour estimate."],"claim":"Estimated replication runtime","gloss":"The hour figures are estimates built from assay mentions; timing awaits the first executed replication.","detail":"The hour figures are a cost model derived from the bench steps implied by each matched assay family. The first executed replication will supply measured timing. Records without an assay match currently receive a zero-hour model value.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"signal_score_without_citations","basis":["5,529 of 5,529 records (100.0%) have no citation count from the source metadata."],"claim":"Signal score","gloss":"The signal score uses publication-type weight because the mirror supplied zero citation counts.","detail":"The source supplied no citation counts for any record in this run, so the signal score is publication-type weight only. The citation term of the ranking is inert here, and the shortlist is ordered by publication type alone.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"abstract_absent","basis":["1,667 of 5,529 records (30.2%) carry no abstract at all."],"claim":"Evidence base for classification","gloss":"Some records contain a title and publication type only, defining the available classification evidence.","detail":"Where the mirror contains a title and publication types only, those fields define the classifier evidence. A methods section is required for fuller automated and human review.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"},{"code":"classifier_agreement_measured","basis":["Published two-way decision agreement 77.7% (310 of 399 decidable records) from a stratified hand-check of 438 real records.","Three-way diagnostic agreement 73.9% (288 of 390 decidable records).","data_only agreement 75.2% (100 of 133 decidable).","48 record(s) could not be decided from title and abstract and were excluded from the denominator.","56 analysis-only records were published under another work type, so the data_only share is not an upper bound."],"claim":"Published automatable decision","gloss":"This figure has been checked against a human reading the same papers, so we know how often it is right.","detail":"The published automatable / not-automatable distribution comes from a rule-based classifier that was hand-checked against a fixed ground-truth definition. The agreement rates below are measured, not estimated. The three-way work type remains a diagnostic and is reported separately.","status":"measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"llm_comparison_not_measured","basis":["rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f produced 5,529 of 5,529 classifications.","Measured on 438 labelled records; these are RULE-BASED figures, not model results."],"claim":"Rule-based versus LLM agreement","gloss":"Every number here is the rule engine’s own. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","detail":"The published two-way decision agreed with a human reading on 310 of 399 decidable records (77.7%). The diagnostic three-way label agreed on 288 of 390 decidable records (73.9%). Every percentage in this run belongs to the rule engine. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","status":"not_measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"confidence_is_a_band","basis":["low band: 135 of 210 hand-judged records were correct, 64.3% [57.6, 70.5] (95% CI).","medium band: 80 of 104 hand-judged records were correct, 76.9% [68.0, 84.0] (95% CI).","high band: 73 of 76 hand-judged records were correct, 96.0% [89.0, 98.7] (95% CI).","A fitted calibrated probability was built, measured and withdrawn: it overstated held-out accuracy and reorders nothing."],"claim":"Confidence band and evidence score","gloss":"The confidence band carries a measured accuracy interval; 0.85 represents relative rank strength.","detail":"Confidence on this run is a BAND plus its measured accuracy interval. The number stored alongside each record is a monotone evidence score that orders records; 0.85 represents relative rank strength. A fitted probability was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy. Threshold on the band.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"three_way_split_is_diagnostic","basis":["The corpus is published at the two-way decision: automatable or not-automatable. The three-way split (data_only / physical / mixed) is published as a diagnostic with its measured reliability attached, not as a claim, because the rule engine's `mixed` call cannot be defended.","The engine called 22 record(s) mixed; 10 matched the human judgement (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9-65.3).","The engine's `mixed` call is right on 10/22 hand-judged records (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9%-65.3%); a constant `physical` guess scores 36.4%.","The engine's `mixed` call does not reliably beat a constant `physical` guess on the hand-judged records it labels mixed.","The sign of that difference flips between two independent samples, so the three-way refinement is not demonstrably informative.","The mixed stratum contributes a disproportionate share of errors relative to its size.","At title-only depth the physical/mixed split collapses: a title says that work was done, not whether it was also analysed."],"claim":"The published decision is two-way","gloss":"The three-way split is shown for diagnosis only. The published split is two ways.","detail":"Count and filter the corpus on automatable versus not-automatable. The data_only / physical / mixed split remains an internal engine diagnostic because the mixed call has lower measured reliability.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"automatable_flag_unproven","basis":["6 of 29 assay families are marked automatable now: meta_analysis, machine_learning, survival_analysis, pca, molecular_docking, differential_expression.","The flag is a rule over assay family and work type; validation begins with the first executed replication.","It inherits the 75.2% data_only agreement rate, because the flag requires the record to be analysis-only."],"claim":"Automatable now","gloss":"This flag marks assay families the rules classify as data-only. The first executed replication will validate it.","detail":"This flag marks families the rules consider replicable from data alone. Its validity depends on the analysis-only classification and will be measured through an executed replication.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"}],"confidence_policy":"band_with_measured_interval","confidence_contract":{"policy":"band_with_measured_interval","summary":"Confidence is reported as a BAND with a measured accuracy interval. The raw evidence score supplies monotone ordering. A fitted point estimate was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy.","evidence_score":"A monotone evidence score in [0,1] built from cue mass, axis separation and text coverage. Use it to order records. Interpret 0.85 as relative rank strength.","confidence_band":"low | medium | high. Consumers threshold on this value.","band_accuracy":"Wilson 95% interval on the measured agreement of the hand-judged records in this band.","calibrated_confidence":"WITHDRAWN. Reintroduction requires held-out evidence demonstrating reliable estimates across every bin."},"band_accuracy":{"low":{"n":210,"low":0.576,"band":"low","high":0.7046,"agree":135,"accuracy":0.6429},"high":{"n":76,"low":0.8903,"band":"high","high":0.9865,"agree":73,"accuracy":0.9605},"medium":{"n":104,"low":0.6795,"band":"medium","high":0.8397,"agree":80,"accuracy":0.7692}},"provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","lexicon_id":"99e1195c7d6f","contract_published_at":"2026-10-23T12:25:29.022232+00:00","confidence_is_band":true,"confidence_is_probability":false,"decision_taxonomy":"two_way","decidable_fraction_two_way":0.8854,"decidable_fraction_two_way_low":0.8565,"decidable_fraction_two_way_high":0.9143,"decidable_fraction_three_way":0.8586,"decidable_fraction_three_way_low":0.8287,"decidable_fraction_three_way_high":0.8884,"decidable_population":5529,"validation_sample_size":438,"three_way_cost_fraction":0.0268,"three_way_cost_records":148,"decision_counts":{"automatable":230,"not_automatable":5299},"decision_split":{"automatable":{"count":230,"share":0.04159884246699222},"not_automatable":{"count":5299,"share":0.9584011575330078}},"diagnostic_work_type_counts":{"mixed":24,"physical":5275,"data_only":230}}}