{"data":{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:39816229", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 3, "content_hash": "sha256:a6e86fd2c35b26ea5c71bec41eb90118bbb2c4ca95aa36ae79a9bbcbd95cbb9e", "created_at": "2026-11-01T20:30:07Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:13:32Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "An 11-gene glycosyltransferases-related model for the prognosis of patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma: development and validation based on TCGA and GEO datasets.", "doi": "10.21037/tau-2024-632", "pmid": "39816229", "authors": ["Weiping Li", "Kangwei Zuo", "Qi Zhao", "Chenhao Guo", "Zirong Liu", "Cheng Liu", "Suoshi Jing"], "journal": "Translational andrology and urology", "year": 2024, "abstract": "Background: Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA) is a highly heterogeneous cancer with a wide range of prognoses, ranging from low-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which has a good prognosis but a high recurrence rate, to high-grade muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), which has a poor prognosis. Glycosylation dysregulation plays a significant role in cancer development. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of glycosyltransferases (GT)-related genes in the prognosis of BLCA and to develop a prognostic model based on these genes to predict overall survival (OS) and assess its clinical application.\nMethods: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-BLCA dataset, comprising 411 tumor and 19 normal samples. The validation set, GSE13507 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, included 165 primary bladder cancer samples with survival data. Differentially expressed GT-related genes (DEGRGs) in BLCA were identified in the training set. Predictive DEGRGs were used to construct risk score models by univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression. The predictive value of the models was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis in the training and validation sets. A nomogram was developed and its performance was evaluated with calibration curves. In addition, the relationship between the risk score and the tumor immune microenvironment was explored, and tumor immune dysfunction score (TIDE) and immune signature scores were used to predict the response to immunotherapy in BLCA patients.\nResults: Thirty-three DEGRGs were identified in the comparison of BLCA patients with control samples. A risk score model was constructed based on 11 of these genes (GYS2, GALNTL6, GLT8D2, PYGB, B3GALNT2, GALNT15, ST6GALNAC3, ST8SIA6, CHPF, ALG9 and B3GALT2). The model performed well in predicting 3-, 5-, and 7-year overall survival (OS), with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.65, 0.67, and 0.68, respectively. In addition, patients in the high-risk group had significantly lower survival than those in the low-risk group, and there were significant differences in immune status between the two groups. Based on age, tumor stage, T stage, and risk score, a Nomogram was constructed to predict the probability of OS, and the results of the calibration curves showed that the model had high predictive accuracy. Further analysis showed that the rejection score and TIDE were higher in the high-risk group, while the GT-related pathway was significantly upregulated in the high-risk group.\nConclusions: The 11 GT-related genes identified were associated with OS in BLCA patients, suggesting that the model has potential predictive value. At the same time, further research is needed to explore its role in clinical practice.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Predictive DEGRGs were used to construct risk score models by univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:39816229", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Predictive DEGRGs were used to construct risk score models by univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression dataset of BLCA from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-BLCA) was downloaded (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/), including 411 BLCA tumor samples (406 samples with survival information) and 19 normal samples.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:39816229", "locator": "sections[4] \"Data source\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression dataset of BLCA from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-BLCA) was downloaded (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/), including 411 BLCA tumor samples (406 samples with survival information) and 19 normal samples."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "The model performed well in predicting 3-, 5-, and 7-year overall survival (OS), with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.65, 0.67, and 0.68, respectively.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:39816229", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "The model performed well in predicting 3-, 5-, and 7-year overall survival (OS), with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.65, 0.67, and 0.68, respectively."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "The model performed well in predicting 3-, 5-, and 7-year overall survival (OS), with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.65, 0.67, and 0.68, respectively.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:39816229"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE13507"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE13507"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:39816229", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.21037/tau-2024-632", "sha256": 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"title": "Predective Value of Prognosis-Related Gene Expression Study in Primary Bladder Cancer", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:54Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE169455", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE169455", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE169455", "version": null, "note": "The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression dataset of BLCA from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-BLCA) was downloaded (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/), including 411 BLCA tumor samples (406 samples with survival information) and 19 normal samples.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "The messenger RNA 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No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read."}}, "can_run": {"dsl_operations": ["cox_ph"], "assets": ["source:pmid:39816229", "data:geo:GSE13507"], "steps": ["run_analysis"]}, "must_build": {"dsl_operations": [], "converters": [], "readers": [], "capabilities": [], "data_gaps": ["data:geo:GSE13507"]}, "gaps": []}, "review": {"state": "partial", "machine_critique": {"kind": "extraction_review", "reader": {"model": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax", "provider_family": "minimax", "read_at": "2026-11-01T19:44:44Z", "independence": "single_reader"}, "evidence_check": {"method": "verbatim", "availability": null}, "calls": 5, "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 13980, "completion_tokens": 2038, "cached_tokens": 264}}, "human_critique": null, "stages": [{"id": "extraction", "state": "complete", "reader": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax"}], "gaps": ["review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique", "review.human_critique"]}, "execution": {"state": "absent", "status": "not_run", "mode": null, "runs": [], "gaps": ["execution.not_run"]}, "provenance": {"entities": [{"id": "pmid:39816229", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:39816229"}, {"id": "source:pmid:39816229", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 39816229 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE13507", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE13507"}], "activities": [{"id": "activity-reading-sci-2026-11-01", "type": "classification", "used": [{"id": "pmid:39816229", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:39816229"}, {"id": "source:pmid:39816229", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 39816229 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE13507", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE13507"}], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}, {"id": "activity-read-39816229", "type": "extraction", "used": ["source:pmid:39816229"], "agent": "agent:minimax-reader"}, {"id": "activity-resolve-GSE13507", "type": "accession_resolution", "used": ["data:geo:GSE13507"], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}], "agents": [{"id": "agent:corpus-assay-engine", "type": "software", "label": "Corpus assay engine"}, {"id": "agent:minimax-reader", "type": "software", "label": "MiniMax literature reader"}], "source_run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01", "dsl_catalogue_fingerprint": "343fb30756ba6ec3", "capability_table_fingerprint": "2cb3e42f047d2ecf", "snapshot_id": "ba34b49490d9bfaf"}, "lineage": {"parent_id": "pmid:39816229", "parent_hash": "sha256:263568cf641c187d2eaea04f413142ef9c1573591aff60121bfaee32ee3ca235", "fork_of": null, "generation": 2}, "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE13507 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE13507 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE169455 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE169455 not downloaded", "execution.not_run", "review.human_critique", "review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique"], "assays": [{"role": "analysis", "definition_id": "survival_analysis", "definition_version": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": ["cox_ph"], "support_state": "supported", "source_hashes": {"dsl_catalogue": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e"}, "confidence": 1.0, "evidence": ["Predictive DEGRGs were used to construct risk score models by univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression."], "order_basis": "analysis_only", "id": "assay:1"}]},"meta":{"api_version":"v1","automation_ladder_snapshot":"ba34b49490d9bfaf","automation_ladder_caveats":["Method extraction is rule-based and has no hand-judged accuracy sample. Evidence bands order textual support; method agreement intervals are null (n=0), never probabilities. Work-type validation does not validate methods.","Operation coverage describes only explicitly named methods. It does not prove a complete protocol, compatible parameters, successful compilation or re-execution. Unrecognised or ambiguous methods require review.","Data reachability is a textual accession or public-data statement. No dataset was downloaded or checked for access, completeness or licence.","Capabilities are planning states seeded from the dated equipment register. No bench ownership, completed quote or partner booking is inferred. Procurement counts are dependencies, not guaranteed replications or financial returns.","Tier and blocker counts are deterministic assessments of this corpus, not measured agreement. R3 is reserved for procurement; unresolved methods and data require human work (R4). The most restrictive axis wins, with capability, method, data as tie-breaks. Resolving one blocker can leave another at the same tier."],"engine":"corpus_engine","engine_provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","run_id":"run-20261023T122449232913","source":"esearch","source_detail":"PubMed mirror biomed_pubmed (read-only)","run_status":"complete","imported_at":"2026-11-03T20:16:52+00:00","generated_at":"2026-11-04T02:36:31+00:00","total_papers":5529,"total_assays_tracked":29,"automatable_assay_families":6,"validated":true,"caveat_count":9,"blocking_caveats":5,"caveats":[{"code":"low_evidence_dominates","basis":["4,152 of 5,529 classifications (75.1%) matched no cue evidence and sit at the 0.05 floor.","34 of 230 data_only calls (14.8%) are in that group."],"claim":"Work type and confidence bands","gloss":"Most records were classified from their title and framing alone, with assay-cue coverage at zero.","detail":"Most classifications in this run rest on no matched evidence at all. At the evidence floor the work type comes from title framing and a fixed prior, not from anything in the paper, so the published work-type split should be read as a rough triage signal rather than a measured distribution. The impact is bounded but not removed: since 2026-10-23 the engine excludes floor-confidence records from the shortlist entirely and publishes them separately as held out, so the recommendation is unaffected even though the census is.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"runtime_is_modelled","basis":["Runtime is summed from published per-assay hour figures. Timing awaits the first executed replication.","4,407 of 5,529 records (79.7%) model to 0.00 hours because no assay was matched, which the ranking then reads as \"cheapest\".","0 of 10 shortlisted records carry a 0.00-hour estimate."],"claim":"Estimated replication runtime","gloss":"The hour figures are estimates built from assay mentions; timing awaits the first executed replication.","detail":"The hour figures are a cost model derived from the bench steps implied by each matched assay family. The first executed replication will supply measured timing. Records without an assay match currently receive a zero-hour model value.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"signal_score_without_citations","basis":["5,529 of 5,529 records (100.0%) have no citation count from the source metadata."],"claim":"Signal score","gloss":"The signal score uses publication-type weight because the mirror supplied zero citation counts.","detail":"The source supplied no citation counts for any record in this run, so the signal score is publication-type weight only. The citation term of the ranking is inert here, and the shortlist is ordered by publication type alone.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"abstract_absent","basis":["1,667 of 5,529 records (30.2%) carry no abstract at all."],"claim":"Evidence base for classification","gloss":"Some records contain a title and publication type only, defining the available classification evidence.","detail":"Where the mirror contains a title and publication types only, those fields define the classifier evidence. A methods section is required for fuller automated and human review.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"},{"code":"classifier_agreement_measured","basis":["Published two-way decision agreement 77.7% (310 of 399 decidable records) from a stratified hand-check of 438 real records.","Three-way diagnostic agreement 73.9% (288 of 390 decidable records).","data_only agreement 75.2% (100 of 133 decidable).","48 record(s) could not be decided from title and abstract and were excluded from the denominator.","56 analysis-only records were published under another work type, so the data_only share is not an upper bound."],"claim":"Published automatable decision","gloss":"This figure has been checked against a human reading the same papers, so we know how often it is right.","detail":"The published automatable / not-automatable distribution comes from a rule-based classifier that was hand-checked against a fixed ground-truth definition. The agreement rates below are measured, not estimated. The three-way work type remains a diagnostic and is reported separately.","status":"measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"llm_comparison_not_measured","basis":["rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f produced 5,529 of 5,529 classifications.","Measured on 438 labelled records; these are RULE-BASED figures, not model results."],"claim":"Rule-based versus LLM agreement","gloss":"Every number here is the rule engine’s own. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","detail":"The published two-way decision agreed with a human reading on 310 of 399 decidable records (77.7%). The diagnostic three-way label agreed on 288 of 390 decidable records (73.9%). Every percentage in this run belongs to the rule engine. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","status":"not_measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"confidence_is_a_band","basis":["low band: 135 of 210 hand-judged records were correct, 64.3% [57.6, 70.5] (95% CI).","medium band: 80 of 104 hand-judged records were correct, 76.9% [68.0, 84.0] (95% CI).","high band: 73 of 76 hand-judged records were correct, 96.0% [89.0, 98.7] (95% CI).","A fitted calibrated probability was built, measured and withdrawn: it overstated held-out accuracy and reorders nothing."],"claim":"Confidence band and evidence score","gloss":"The confidence band carries a measured accuracy interval; 0.85 represents relative rank strength.","detail":"Confidence on this run is a BAND plus its measured accuracy interval. The number stored alongside each record is a monotone evidence score that orders records; 0.85 represents relative rank strength. A fitted probability was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy. Threshold on the band.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"three_way_split_is_diagnostic","basis":["The corpus is published at the two-way decision: automatable or not-automatable. The three-way split (data_only / physical / mixed) is published as a diagnostic with its measured reliability attached, not as a claim, because the rule engine's `mixed` call cannot be defended.","The engine called 22 record(s) mixed; 10 matched the human judgement (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9-65.3).","The engine's `mixed` call is right on 10/22 hand-judged records (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9%-65.3%); a constant `physical` guess scores 36.4%.","The engine's `mixed` call does not reliably beat a constant `physical` guess on the hand-judged records it labels mixed.","The sign of that difference flips between two independent samples, so the three-way refinement is not demonstrably informative.","The mixed stratum contributes a disproportionate share of errors relative to its size.","At title-only depth the physical/mixed split collapses: a title says that work was done, not whether it was also analysed."],"claim":"The published decision is two-way","gloss":"The three-way split is shown for diagnosis only. The published split is two ways.","detail":"Count and filter the corpus on automatable versus not-automatable. The data_only / physical / mixed split remains an internal engine diagnostic because the mixed call has lower measured reliability.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"automatable_flag_unproven","basis":["6 of 29 assay families are marked automatable now: meta_analysis, machine_learning, survival_analysis, pca, molecular_docking, differential_expression.","The flag is a rule over assay family and work type; validation begins with the first executed replication.","It inherits the 75.2% data_only agreement rate, because the flag requires the record to be analysis-only."],"claim":"Automatable now","gloss":"This flag marks assay families the rules classify as data-only. The first executed replication will validate it.","detail":"This flag marks families the rules consider replicable from data alone. Its validity depends on the analysis-only classification and will be measured through an executed replication.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"}],"confidence_policy":"band_with_measured_interval","confidence_contract":{"policy":"band_with_measured_interval","summary":"Confidence is reported as a BAND with a measured accuracy interval. The raw evidence score supplies monotone ordering. A fitted point estimate was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy.","evidence_score":"A monotone evidence score in [0,1] built from cue mass, axis separation and text coverage. Use it to order records. Interpret 0.85 as relative rank strength.","confidence_band":"low | medium | high. Consumers threshold on this value.","band_accuracy":"Wilson 95% interval on the measured agreement of the hand-judged records in this band.","calibrated_confidence":"WITHDRAWN. Reintroduction requires held-out evidence demonstrating reliable estimates across every bin."},"band_accuracy":{"low":{"n":210,"low":0.576,"band":"low","high":0.7046,"agree":135,"accuracy":0.6429},"high":{"n":76,"low":0.8903,"band":"high","high":0.9865,"agree":73,"accuracy":0.9605},"medium":{"n":104,"low":0.6795,"band":"medium","high":0.8397,"agree":80,"accuracy":0.7692}},"provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","lexicon_id":"99e1195c7d6f","contract_published_at":"2026-10-23T12:25:29.022232+00:00","confidence_is_band":true,"confidence_is_probability":false,"decision_taxonomy":"two_way","decidable_fraction_two_way":0.8854,"decidable_fraction_two_way_low":0.8565,"decidable_fraction_two_way_high":0.9143,"decidable_fraction_three_way":0.8586,"decidable_fraction_three_way_low":0.8287,"decidable_fraction_three_way_high":0.8884,"decidable_population":5529,"validation_sample_size":438,"three_way_cost_fraction":0.0268,"three_way_cost_records":148,"decision_counts":{"automatable":230,"not_automatable":5299},"decision_split":{"automatable":{"count":230,"share":0.04159884246699222},"not_automatable":{"count":5299,"share":0.9584011575330078}},"diagnostic_work_type_counts":{"mixed":24,"physical":5275,"data_only":230}}}