{"data":{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:40852352", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:0454a5d5a90cb41bf9a02200b153c5cee68d2625b68deffacde6a55db1e93913", "created_at": "2026-11-01T20:30:57Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:57:04Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Bioinformatic analysis, clinical implications and experimental validation of ferroptosis-related feature gene in IgA nephropathy: focus on DUSP1.", "doi": "10.3389/fmed.2025.1612200", "pmid": "40852352", "authors": ["Tingting Liu", "Tingting Pan", "Mingxin Chang", "Shaojie Fu", "Hongzhao Xu", "Hao Wu", "Zhonggao Xu", "Yanli Cheng"], "journal": "Frontiers in medicine", "year": 2025, "abstract": "Background: Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), recognized as the leading cause of primary glomerular disease worldwide, continues to present unresolved complexities in its underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Emerging evidence underscores ferroptosis, an iron-mediated regulated cell death pathway driven by the accumulation of lipid peroxides, as a potential contributor to various pathological conditions. Despite growing interest in this field, the exact molecular pathways governing ferroptosis activation in IgAN progression remain incompletely understood and require systematic investigation. The aim of this study was to identify ferroptosis-related feature gene (FFG) for the potential diagnosis of IgAN and to investigate its relationship with renal immune cell infiltration.\nMethods: Renal tissue microarray datasets (GSE93798, GSE104948, GSE99339) from IgAN patients and normal controls were retrieved from GEO database. The ferroptosis-related genes were obtained from the Ferrb database. Machine learning algorithms (LASSO, SVM-RFE, random forest) were employed to screen FFGs. The findings were validated in an IgAN mouse model using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to explore the underlying mechanism of FFG in IgAN. Immune cell infiltration characteristics were also analyzed vis CIBERSORT algorithm.\nResults: A total of 180 ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes were identified in IgAN. Among them, dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) was screened as FFG by three machine learning algorithms. DUSP1 exhibited significant downregulation in renal tissues of both IgAN patients and mice. Enhanced transcriptional abundance demonstrated significant positive associations with ferroptosis-associated biomarkers glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4) and cystine/glutamate antiporter (SLC7A11/xCT), while displaying an inverse relationship with acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain isoform 4 (ACSL4) expression. GSEA further identified DUSP1's functional enrichment in critical signaling networks, particularly mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, ERBB receptor tyrosine kinase pathways, and Janus kinase-signal transducer (JAK-STAT) transduction mechanisms. Immunoinfiltration analysis demonstrated increased infiltration of T follicular helper cells, activated NK cells, and M1 macrophages in the renal tissues of IgAN patients, with DUSP1 expression showing negative correlations with these proinflammatory cell types.\nConclusion: Our research successfully identified DUSP1 as a ferroptosis-related biomarker in IgAN patients, and explored its potential mechanism in the pathogenesis of IgAN and its potential relationship with immune cell infiltration. These findings are of great significance for the diagnosis and prospective treatment strategies for IgAN patients.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The “limma” [version 3.56.2] R package was conducted to assess the differences in gene expression data (20). To control the proportion of false positives due to multiple testing, false discovery rate (FDR) correction was also applied.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40852352", "locator": "sections[4] \"Identification of ferroptosis-related differential expressed genes\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The “limma” [version 3.56.2] R package was conducted to assess the differences in gene expression data (20). To control the proportion of false positives due to multiple testing, false discovery rate (FDR) correction was also applied."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The chip data analyzed in this study were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). GSE93798 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE93798, GSE104948 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE104948, and GSE99339 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE99339.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40852352", "locator": "sections[30] \"Data availability statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The chip data analyzed in this study were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). GSE93798 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE93798, GSE104948 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE104948, and GSE99339 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE99339."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "Differential analyses of the data were performed with statistical significance of FDR-p value <0.05, and a total of 180 FDEGs were identified, including 98 downregulated and 82 upregulated genes (Supplementary Table 1).", "kind": "quantitative", "target": {"value": 0.05, "unit": "p-value", "tolerance": null, "source": "Differential analyses of the data were performed with statistical significance of FDR-p value <0.05, and a total of 180 FDEGs were identified, including 98 downregulated and 82 upregulated genes (Supplementary Table 1)."}, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:40852352", "locator": "sections[18] \"Identification of ferroptosis-related differential expressed genes in IgAN\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Differential analyses of the data were performed with statistical significance of FDR-p value <0.05, and a total of 180 FDEGs were identified, including 98 downregulated and 82 upregulated genes (Supplementary Table 1)."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "Differential analyses of the data were performed with statistical significance of FDR-p value <0.05, and a total of 180 FDEGs were identified, including 98 downregulated and 82 upregulated genes (Supplementary Table 1).", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:40852352"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE104948"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {"fdr_threshold": "he limma R package with false discovery rate correction"}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE104948"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:40852352", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1612200", "sha256": "sha256:d06f43eb6863e7fc87f29a3854e9aba035ae965052979b28cb3a5f5fbf4f4f94", "bytes": 50012, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "10.3389/fmed.2025.1612200", "version": null, "note": "Full article fetched from PMC; the checksum covers the rendered section body, not the original XML bytes.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC12367746", "source": "europe_pmc_fulltext", "coverage": "whole_body_without_references", "text_hash_scope": "rendered_section_body"}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE104948", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE104948", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE104948", "version": null, "note": "The chip data analyzed in this study were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). GSE93798 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE93798, GSE104948 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE104948, and GSE99339 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE99339.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "The chip data analyzed in this study were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). GSE93798 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE93798, GSE104948 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE104948, and GSE99339 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE99339.", "access_statement_kind": "data_availability_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM2810645", "GSM2810646", "GSM2810647", "GSM2810648", "GSM2810649", "GSM2810650", "GSM2810651", "GSM2810652", "GSM2810653", "GSM2810654", "GSM2810655", "GSM2810656", "GSM2810657", "GSM2810658", "GSM2810659", "GSM2810660", "GSM2810661", "GSM2810662", "GSM2810663", "GSM2810664", "GSM2810665", "GSM2810666", "GSM2810667", "GSM2810668", "GSM2810669", "GSM2810670", "GSM2810671", "GSM2810672", "GSM2810673", "GSM2810674", "GSM2810675", "GSM2810676", "GSM2810677", "GSM2810678", "GSM2810679", "GSM2810680", "GSM2810681", "GSM2810682", "GSM2810683", "GSM2810684", "GSM2810685", "GSM2810686", "GSM2810687", "GSM2810688", "GSM2810689", "GSM2810690", "GSM2810691", "GSM2810692", "GSM2810693", "GSM2810694", "GSM2810695", "GSM2810696", "GSM2810697", "GSM2810698", "GSM2810699", "GSM2810700", "GSM2810701", "GSM2810702", "GSM2810703", "GSM2810704", "GSM2810705", "GSM2810706", "GSM2810707", "GSM2810708", "GSM2810709", "GSM2810710", "GSM2810711", "GSM2810712", "GSM2810713", "GSM2810714", "GSM2810715", "GSM2810716", "GSM2810717", "GSM2810718", "GSM2810719", "GSM2810720", "GSM2810721", "GSM2810722", "GSM2810723", "GSM2810724", "GSM2810725", "GSM2810726", "GSM2810727", "GSM2810728", "GSM2810729", "GSM2810730", "GSM2810731", "GSM2810732", "GSM2810733", "GSM2810734", "GSM2810735", "GSM2810736", "GSM2810737", "GSM2810738", "GSM2810739", "GSM2810740", "GSM2810741", "GSM2810742", "GSM2810743", "GSM2810744", "GSM2810745", "GSM2810746", "GSM2810747", "GSM2810748", "GSM2810749", "GSM2810750", "GSM2810751", "GSM2810752", "GSM2810753", "GSM2810754", "GSM2810755", "GSM2810756", "GSM2810757", "GSM2810758", "GSM2810759", "GSM2810760", "GSM2810761", "GSM2810762", "GSM2810763", "GSM2810764", "GSM2810765", "GSM2810766", "GSM2810767", "GSM2810768", "GSM2810769", "GSM2810770", "GSM2810771", "GSM2810772", "GSM2810773", "GSM2810774", "GSM2810775", "GSM2810776", "GSM2810777", "GSM2810778", "GSM2810779", "GSM2810780", "GSM2810781", "GSM2810782", "GSM2810783", "GSM2810784", "GSM2810785", "GSM2810786", "GSM2810787", "GSM2810788", "GSM2810789", "GSM2810790", "GSM2810791", "GSM2810792", "GSM2810793", "GSM2810794", "GSM2810795", "GSM2810796", "GSM2810797", "GSM2810798", "GSM2810799", "GSM2810800", "GSM2810801", "GSM2810802", "GSM2810803", "GSM2810804", "GSM2810805", "GSM2810806", "GSM2810807", "GSM2810808", "GSM2810809", "GSM2810810", "GSM2810811", "GSM2810812", "GSM2810813", "GSM2810814", "GSM2810815", "GSM2810816", "GSM2810817", "GSM2810818", "GSM2810819", "GSM2810820", "GSM2810821", "GSM2810822", "GSM2810823", "GSM2810824", "GSM2810825", "GSM2810826", "GSM2810827", "GSM2810828", "GSM2810829", "GSM2810830", "GSM2810831", "GSM2810832", "GSM2810833", "GSM2810834", "GSM2810835", "GSM2810836", "GSM2810837", "GSM2810838", "GSM2810839", "GSM2810840"], "sample_count": 196, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "24120;22945", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "Glomerular Transcriptome from European Renal cDNA Bank subjects and living donors", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:54Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE93798", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE93798", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE93798", "version": null, "note": "The chip data analyzed in this study were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). GSE93798 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE93798, GSE104948 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE104948, and GSE99339 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE99339.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "The chip data analyzed in this study were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). GSE93798 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE93798, GSE104948 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE104948, and GSE99339 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE99339.", "access_statement_kind": "data_availability_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM2462533", "GSM2462534", "GSM2462535", "GSM2462536", "GSM2462537", "GSM2462538", "GSM2462539", "GSM2462540", "GSM2462541", "GSM2462542", "GSM2462543", "GSM2462544", "GSM2462545", "GSM2462546", "GSM2462547", "GSM2462548", "GSM2462549", "GSM2462550", "GSM2462551", "GSM2462552", "GSM2462553", "GSM2462554", "GSM2462555", "GSM2462556", "GSM2462557", "GSM2462558", "GSM2462559", "GSM2462560", "GSM2462561", "GSM2462562", "GSM2462563", "GSM2462564", "GSM2462565", "GSM2462566", "GSM2462567", "GSM2462568", "GSM2462569", "GSM2462570", "GSM2462571", "GSM2462572", "GSM2462573", "GSM2462574"], "sample_count": 42, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "22945", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling reveal insights of mesangial cell function in patients with IgA Nephropathy", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:55Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE99339", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE99339", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE99339", "version": null, "note": "The chip data analyzed in this study were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). GSE93798 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE93798, GSE104948 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE104948, and GSE99339 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE99339.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "The chip data analyzed in this study were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). GSE93798 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE93798, GSE104948 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE104948, and GSE99339 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE99339.", "access_statement_kind": "data_availability_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM2642291", "GSM2642292", "GSM2642293", "GSM2642294", "GSM2642295", "GSM2642296", "GSM2642297", "GSM2642298", "GSM2642299", "GSM2642300", "GSM2642301", "GSM2642302", "GSM2642303", "GSM2642304", "GSM2642305", "GSM2642306", "GSM2642307", "GSM2642308", "GSM2642309", "GSM2642310", "GSM2642311", "GSM2642312", "GSM2642313", "GSM2642314", "GSM2642315", "GSM2642316", "GSM2642317", "GSM2642318", "GSM2642319", "GSM2642320", "GSM2642321", "GSM2642322", "GSM2642323", "GSM2642324", "GSM2642325", "GSM2642326", "GSM2642327", "GSM2642328", "GSM2642329", "GSM2642330", "GSM2642331", "GSM2642332", "GSM2642333", "GSM2642334", "GSM2642335", "GSM2642336", "GSM2642337", "GSM2642338", "GSM2642339", "GSM2642340", "GSM2642341", "GSM2642342", "GSM2642343", "GSM2642344", "GSM2642345", "GSM2642346", "GSM2642347", "GSM2642348", "GSM2642349", "GSM2642350", "GSM2642351", "GSM2642352", "GSM2642353", "GSM2642354", "GSM2642355", "GSM2642356", "GSM2642357", "GSM2642358", "GSM2642359", "GSM2642360", "GSM2642361", "GSM2642362", "GSM2642363", "GSM2642364", "GSM2642365", "GSM2642366", "GSM2642367", "GSM2642368", "GSM2642369", "GSM2642370", "GSM2642371", "GSM2642372", "GSM2642373", "GSM2642374", "GSM2642375", "GSM2642376", "GSM2642377", "GSM2642378", "GSM2642379", "GSM2642380", "GSM2642381", "GSM2642382", "GSM2642383", "GSM2642384", "GSM2642385", "GSM2642386", "GSM2642387", "GSM2642388", "GSM2642389", "GSM2642390", "GSM2642391", "GSM2642392", "GSM2642393", "GSM2642394", "GSM2642395", "GSM2642396", "GSM2642397", "GSM2642398", "GSM2642399", "GSM2642400", "GSM2642401", "GSM2642402", "GSM2642403", "GSM2642404", "GSM2642405", "GSM2642406", "GSM2642407", "GSM2642408", "GSM2642409", "GSM2642410", "GSM2642411", "GSM2642412", "GSM2642413", "GSM2642414", "GSM2642415", "GSM2642416", "GSM2642417", "GSM2642418", "GSM2642419", "GSM2642420", "GSM2642421", "GSM2642422", "GSM2642423", "GSM2642424", "GSM2642425", "GSM2642426", "GSM2642427", "GSM2642428", "GSM2642429", "GSM2642430", "GSM2642431", "GSM2642432", "GSM2642433", "GSM2642434", "GSM2642435", "GSM2642436", "GSM2642437", "GSM2642438", "GSM2642439", "GSM2642440", "GSM2642441", "GSM2642442", "GSM2642443", "GSM2642444", "GSM2642445", "GSM2642446", "GSM2642447", "GSM2642448", "GSM2642449", "GSM2642450", "GSM2642451", "GSM2642452", "GSM2642453", "GSM2642454", "GSM2642455", "GSM2642456", "GSM2642457", "GSM2642458", "GSM2642459", "GSM2642460", "GSM2642461", "GSM2642462", "GSM2642463", "GSM2642464", "GSM2642465", "GSM2642466", "GSM2642467", "GSM2642468", "GSM2642469", "GSM2642470", "GSM2642471", "GSM2642472", "GSM2642473", "GSM2642474", "GSM2642475", "GSM2642476", "GSM2642477"], "sample_count": 187, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "19109;19184", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "Transcriptome-based network analysis reveals renal cell type-specific dysregulation of hypoxia-associated transcripts [glomeruli]", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:55Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}], "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE104948 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE104948 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE93798 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE93798 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE99339 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE99339 licence not read"]}, "analysis": {"state": "partial", "methods": [{"id": "method-1", "family": "differential_expression", "specific": "limma_voom", "label": "Differential expression analysis", "dsl_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {"fdr_threshold": "he limma R package with false discovery rate correction"}, "data_shapes": ["count_matrix_with_condition"], "evidence": {"score": 1.0, "band": "verbatim", "quote": "The “limma” [version 3.56.2] R package was conducted to assess the differences in gene expression data (20). To control the proportion of false positives due to multiple testing, false discovery rate (FDR) correction was also applied."}}, {"id": "method-2", "family": "group_comparison", "specific": "anova", "label": "Group comparison", "dsl_operations": ["group_summary", "welch_t", "bootstrap_mean_difference", "group_comparison_anova"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["two_or_more_groups_continuous"], "evidence": {"score": 0.8, "band": "high", "quote": "ANOVA"}}, {"id": "method-3", "family": "machine_learning", "specific": "random_forest", "label": "Machine learning", "dsl_operations": [], "missing_operations": ["machine_learning_random_forest"], "expressible": false, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["labelled_feature_matrix"], "evidence": {"score": 0.7, "band": "medium", "quote": "random forest"}}, {"id": "method-4", "family": "machine_learning", "specific": "support_vector_machine", "label": "Machine learning", "dsl_operations": ["train_classifier", "cross_validate", "roc_auc"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["labelled_feature_matrix"], "evidence": {"score": 0.7, "band": "medium", "quote": "SVM"}}], "targets": [{"id": "target-published-estimate", "claim_id": "claim-target-result", "operation": "bootstrap_mean_difference", "expected_value": 0.05, "unit": "p-value", "tolerance": null, "state": "complete", "note": "The threshold the paper applied to its own result, as the paper states it. A run that reproduces the effect is judged against this threshold."}], "gaps": ["method.reader_differs_from_extractor"]}, "capability": {"state": "complete", "requirements": [{"capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "label": "Computational analysis platform", "assay_families": ["meta_analysis", "machine_learning", "survival_analysis", "statistical_regression", "pca", "molecular_docking", "network_analysis", "differential_expression", "gwas"], "availability_state": "owned", "tier_unlocked": "R1", "candidate": "Automated Assays Laravel application and simulated adapters"}], "gaps": []}, "readiness": {"state": "complete", "tier": "R1", "blocking_axis": "none", "blocked_on": "nothing:replicable_now", "axes": {"method": {"tier": "R1", "expressible": true, "required_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "missing_operations": [], "basis": "The paper names the method it used and the corpus's method extractor maps it onto the DSL catalogue: limma_voom."}, "capability": {"tier": "R1", "capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "availability_state": "owned", "basis": "The computational analysis is owned. The physical bench the paper used is not, so a physical validation cannot be run here."}, "data": {"tier": "R1", "reachable": true, "accessions": ["GSE93798", "GSE104948", "GSE99339"], "resolved_accessions": ["GSE93798", "GSE104948", "GSE99339"], "statements": ["The chip data analyzed in this study were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). GSE93798 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE93798, GSE104948 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE104948, and GSE99339 was downloaded from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE99339."], "basis": "The paper names GSE93798, GSE104948, GSE99339 in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the accession resolves in the repository. No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read."}}, "can_run": {"dsl_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "assets": ["source:pmid:40852352", "data:geo:GSE104948"], "steps": ["run_analysis"]}, "must_build": {"dsl_operations": [], "converters": [], "readers": [], "capabilities": [], "data_gaps": ["data:geo:GSE104948"]}, "gaps": []}, "review": {"state": "partial", "machine_critique": {"kind": "extraction_review", "reader": {"model": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax", "provider_family": "minimax", "read_at": "2026-11-01T20:00:11Z", "independence": "single_reader"}, "evidence_check": {"method": "verbatim", "availability": "verbatim"}, "calls": 5, "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 12672, "completion_tokens": 1706, "cached_tokens": 264}}, "human_critique": null, "stages": [{"id": "extraction", "state": "complete", "reader": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax"}], "gaps": ["review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique", "review.human_critique"]}, "execution": {"state": "absent", "status": "not_run", "mode": null, "runs": [], "gaps": ["execution.not_run"]}, "provenance": {"entities": [{"id": "pmid:40852352", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:40852352"}, {"id": "source:pmid:40852352", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 40852352 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE104948", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE104948"}], "activities": [{"id": "activity-reading-sci-2026-11-01", "type": "classification", "used": [{"id": "pmid:40852352", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:40852352"}, {"id": "source:pmid:40852352", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 40852352 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE104948", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE104948"}], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}, {"id": "activity-read-40852352", "type": "extraction", "used": ["source:pmid:40852352"], "agent": "agent:minimax-reader"}, {"id": "activity-resolve-GSE104948", "type": "accession_resolution", "used": ["data:geo:GSE104948"], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}], "agents": [{"id": "agent:corpus-assay-engine", "type": "software", "label": "Corpus assay engine"}, {"id": "agent:minimax-reader", "type": "software", "label": "MiniMax literature reader"}], "source_run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01", "dsl_catalogue_fingerprint": "343fb30756ba6ec3", "capability_table_fingerprint": "2cb3e42f047d2ecf", "snapshot_id": "ba34b49490d9bfaf"}, "lineage": {"parent_id": "pmid:40852352", "parent_hash": "sha256:33079516b15224c40e5b12ea1788f9a610bc2c4937403a5c71d5af2eb76b4cef", "fork_of": null, "generation": 3}, "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE104948 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE104948 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE93798 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE93798 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE99339 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE99339 not downloaded", "execution.not_run", "method.reader_differs_from_extractor", "review.human_critique", "review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique"], "assays": [{"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "microarray", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.93, "evidence": ["une cell infiltration. Methods: Renal tissue microarray datasets (GSE93798, GSE104948, GSE99339) fro"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:907", "id": "assay:1"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "animal_model", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["FFGs. The findings were validated in an IgAN mouse model using immunohistochemistry and western blott", "FFGs. The findings were validated in an IgAN mouse model using immunohistochemistry and western", "the 6th and 8th weeks). Following this, the mice were humanely euthanized, and samples of blood, u", "analysis of CD3+ and CD4+ T cell subsets in mouse kidney tissue. Data were expressed as mean ±"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1230", "id": "assay:2"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "ihc", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.93, "evidence": ["were validated in an IgAN mouse model using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Gene set enrichment an"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1249", "id": "assay:3"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "western_blot", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.93, "evidence": ["N mouse model using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was con"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1273", "id": "assay:4"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "flow_cytometry", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["—all key processes in renal pathophysiology. Flow cytometry analysis of immune cell infiltration in rena", "y validate the immune infiltration findings, flow cytometry analysis on renal tissues from both IgAN and", "ar helper cells in renal tissue during IgAN. Flow cytometry analysis. Flow cytometry analysis of CD3+ an", "tissue during IgAN. Flow cytometry analysis. Flow cytometry analysis of CD3+ and CD4+ T cell subsets in"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:7166", "id": "assay:5"}, {"role": "analysis", "definition_id": "differential_expression", "definition_version": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "support_state": "supported", "source_hashes": {"dsl_catalogue": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e"}, "confidence": 1.0, "evidence": ["The “limma” [version 3.56.2] R package was conducted to assess the differences in gene expression data (20). To control the proportion of false positives due to multiple testing, false discovery rate (FDR) correction was also applied."], "order_basis": "consumes_earlier_output", "id": "assay:6"}]},"meta":{"api_version":"v1","automation_ladder_snapshot":"ba34b49490d9bfaf","automation_ladder_caveats":["Method extraction is rule-based and has no hand-judged accuracy sample. Evidence bands order textual support; method agreement intervals are null (n=0), never probabilities. Work-type validation does not validate methods.","Operation coverage describes only explicitly named methods. It does not prove a complete protocol, compatible parameters, successful compilation or re-execution. Unrecognised or ambiguous methods require review.","Data reachability is a textual accession or public-data statement. No dataset was downloaded or checked for access, completeness or licence.","Capabilities are planning states seeded from the dated equipment register. No bench ownership, completed quote or partner booking is inferred. Procurement counts are dependencies, not guaranteed replications or financial returns.","Tier and blocker counts are deterministic assessments of this corpus, not measured agreement. R3 is reserved for procurement; unresolved methods and data require human work (R4). The most restrictive axis wins, with capability, method, data as tie-breaks. Resolving one blocker can leave another at the same tier."],"engine":"corpus_engine","engine_provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","run_id":"run-20261023T122449232913","source":"esearch","source_detail":"PubMed mirror biomed_pubmed (read-only)","run_status":"complete","imported_at":"2026-11-03T20:16:52+00:00","generated_at":"2026-11-04T01:23:12+00:00","total_papers":5529,"total_assays_tracked":29,"automatable_assay_families":6,"validated":true,"caveat_count":9,"blocking_caveats":5,"caveats":[{"code":"low_evidence_dominates","basis":["4,152 of 5,529 classifications (75.1%) matched no cue evidence and sit at the 0.05 floor.","34 of 230 data_only calls (14.8%) are in that group."],"claim":"Work type and confidence bands","gloss":"Most records were classified from their title and framing alone, with assay-cue coverage at zero.","detail":"Most classifications in this run rest on no matched evidence at all. At the evidence floor the work type comes from title framing and a fixed prior, not from anything in the paper, so the published work-type split should be read as a rough triage signal rather than a measured distribution. The impact is bounded but not removed: since 2026-10-23 the engine excludes floor-confidence records from the shortlist entirely and publishes them separately as held out, so the recommendation is unaffected even though the census is.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"runtime_is_modelled","basis":["Runtime is summed from published per-assay hour figures. Timing awaits the first executed replication.","4,407 of 5,529 records (79.7%) model to 0.00 hours because no assay was matched, which the ranking then reads as \"cheapest\".","0 of 10 shortlisted records carry a 0.00-hour estimate."],"claim":"Estimated replication runtime","gloss":"The hour figures are estimates built from assay mentions; timing awaits the first executed replication.","detail":"The hour figures are a cost model derived from the bench steps implied by each matched assay family. The first executed replication will supply measured timing. Records without an assay match currently receive a zero-hour model value.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"signal_score_without_citations","basis":["5,529 of 5,529 records (100.0%) have no citation count from the source metadata."],"claim":"Signal score","gloss":"The signal score uses publication-type weight because the mirror supplied zero citation counts.","detail":"The source supplied no citation counts for any record in this run, so the signal score is publication-type weight only. The citation term of the ranking is inert here, and the shortlist is ordered by publication type alone.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"abstract_absent","basis":["1,667 of 5,529 records (30.2%) carry no abstract at all."],"claim":"Evidence base for classification","gloss":"Some records contain a title and publication type only, defining the available classification evidence.","detail":"Where the mirror contains a title and publication types only, those fields define the classifier evidence. A methods section is required for fuller automated and human review.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"},{"code":"classifier_agreement_measured","basis":["Published two-way decision agreement 77.7% (310 of 399 decidable records) from a stratified hand-check of 438 real records.","Three-way diagnostic agreement 73.9% (288 of 390 decidable records).","data_only agreement 75.2% (100 of 133 decidable).","48 record(s) could not be decided from title and abstract and were excluded from the denominator.","56 analysis-only records were published under another work type, so the data_only share is not an upper bound."],"claim":"Published automatable decision","gloss":"This figure has been checked against a human reading the same papers, so we know how often it is right.","detail":"The published automatable / not-automatable distribution comes from a rule-based classifier that was hand-checked against a fixed ground-truth definition. The agreement rates below are measured, not estimated. The three-way work type remains a diagnostic and is reported separately.","status":"measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"llm_comparison_not_measured","basis":["rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f produced 5,529 of 5,529 classifications.","Measured on 438 labelled records; these are RULE-BASED figures, not model results."],"claim":"Rule-based versus LLM agreement","gloss":"Every number here is the rule engine’s own. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","detail":"The published two-way decision agreed with a human reading on 310 of 399 decidable records (77.7%). The diagnostic three-way label agreed on 288 of 390 decidable records (73.9%). Every percentage in this run belongs to the rule engine. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","status":"not_measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"confidence_is_a_band","basis":["low band: 135 of 210 hand-judged records were correct, 64.3% [57.6, 70.5] (95% CI).","medium band: 80 of 104 hand-judged records were correct, 76.9% [68.0, 84.0] (95% CI).","high band: 73 of 76 hand-judged records were correct, 96.0% [89.0, 98.7] (95% CI).","A fitted calibrated probability was built, measured and withdrawn: it overstated held-out accuracy and reorders nothing."],"claim":"Confidence band and evidence score","gloss":"The confidence band carries a measured accuracy interval; 0.85 represents relative rank strength.","detail":"Confidence on this run is a BAND plus its measured accuracy interval. The number stored alongside each record is a monotone evidence score that orders records; 0.85 represents relative rank strength. A fitted probability was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy. Threshold on the band.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"three_way_split_is_diagnostic","basis":["The corpus is published at the two-way decision: automatable or not-automatable. The three-way split (data_only / physical / mixed) is published as a diagnostic with its measured reliability attached, not as a claim, because the rule engine's `mixed` call cannot be defended.","The engine called 22 record(s) mixed; 10 matched the human judgement (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9-65.3).","The engine's `mixed` call is right on 10/22 hand-judged records (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9%-65.3%); a constant `physical` guess scores 36.4%.","The engine's `mixed` call does not reliably beat a constant `physical` guess on the hand-judged records it labels mixed.","The sign of that difference flips between two independent samples, so the three-way refinement is not demonstrably informative.","The mixed stratum contributes a disproportionate share of errors relative to its size.","At title-only depth the physical/mixed split collapses: a title says that work was done, not whether it was also analysed."],"claim":"The published decision is two-way","gloss":"The three-way split is shown for diagnosis only. The published split is two ways.","detail":"Count and filter the corpus on automatable versus not-automatable. The data_only / physical / mixed split remains an internal engine diagnostic because the mixed call has lower measured reliability.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"automatable_flag_unproven","basis":["6 of 29 assay families are marked automatable now: meta_analysis, machine_learning, survival_analysis, pca, molecular_docking, differential_expression.","The flag is a rule over assay family and work type; validation begins with the first executed replication.","It inherits the 75.2% data_only agreement rate, because the flag requires the record to be analysis-only."],"claim":"Automatable now","gloss":"This flag marks assay families the rules classify as data-only. The first executed replication will validate it.","detail":"This flag marks families the rules consider replicable from data alone. Its validity depends on the analysis-only classification and will be measured through an executed replication.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"}],"confidence_policy":"band_with_measured_interval","confidence_contract":{"policy":"band_with_measured_interval","summary":"Confidence is reported as a BAND with a measured accuracy interval. The raw evidence score supplies monotone ordering. A fitted point estimate was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy.","evidence_score":"A monotone evidence score in [0,1] built from cue mass, axis separation and text coverage. Use it to order records. Interpret 0.85 as relative rank strength.","confidence_band":"low | medium | high. Consumers threshold on this value.","band_accuracy":"Wilson 95% interval on the measured agreement of the hand-judged records in this band.","calibrated_confidence":"WITHDRAWN. Reintroduction requires held-out evidence demonstrating reliable estimates across every bin."},"band_accuracy":{"low":{"n":210,"low":0.576,"band":"low","high":0.7046,"agree":135,"accuracy":0.6429},"high":{"n":76,"low":0.8903,"band":"high","high":0.9865,"agree":73,"accuracy":0.9605},"medium":{"n":104,"low":0.6795,"band":"medium","high":0.8397,"agree":80,"accuracy":0.7692}},"provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","lexicon_id":"99e1195c7d6f","contract_published_at":"2026-10-23T12:25:29.022232+00:00","confidence_is_band":true,"confidence_is_probability":false,"decision_taxonomy":"two_way","decidable_fraction_two_way":0.8854,"decidable_fraction_two_way_low":0.8565,"decidable_fraction_two_way_high":0.9143,"decidable_fraction_three_way":0.8586,"decidable_fraction_three_way_low":0.8287,"decidable_fraction_three_way_high":0.8884,"decidable_population":5529,"validation_sample_size":438,"three_way_cost_fraction":0.0268,"three_way_cost_records":148,"decision_counts":{"automatable":230,"not_automatable":5299},"decision_split":{"automatable":{"count":230,"share":0.04159884246699222},"not_automatable":{"count":5299,"share":0.9584011575330078}},"diagnostic_work_type_counts":{"mixed":24,"physical":5275,"data_only":230}}}