{"data":{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:41092639", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:2a27db5893efc43dd315f7f0ce07d1628136a55f60527c0aaf186821c3a04f08", "created_at": "2026-11-01T20:31:09Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:57:18Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "LAMC1 aggravates diabetic retinopathy through PI3K/AKT signaling-regulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in retinal pigment epithelial cells.", "doi": "10.1016/j.jphyss.2025.100045", "pmid": "41092639", "authors": ["Lei Liu", "Yanlin Gao", "Shiqi Yao"], "journal": "The journal of physiological sciences : JPS", "year": 2025, "abstract": "Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of adult blindness, with LAMC1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) playing a key role. By analyzing DR-related microarray datasets (GSE60436/GSE102485) from GEO, we identified 685 differentially expressed genes (570 downregulated, 115 upregulated). Functional and WGCNA analyses linked these to PI3K/Akt signaling, revealing 11 diagnostic hub genes, including LAMC1. Western blot analysis confirmed that LAMC1 significantly upregulated in high glucose (HG)-treated ARPE-19 cells and diabetic mouse retinas. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that LAMC1 promotes EMT in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells via PI3K/Akt activation, enhancing migration and invasion. Conversely, LAMC1 knockdown alleviated retinal damage in diabetic mice. Our studies uncovered that LAMC1's role in DR progression through PI3K/Akt-driven EMT, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The \"limma\" package was employed for this analysis, with the criteria of log2|(FC)|≥ 1 and an adjusted p-value less than 0.05.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:41092639", "locator": "sections[4] \"Data integration and differential expression analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The \"limma\" package was employed for this analysis, with the criteria of log2|(FC)|≥ 1 and an adjusted p-value less than 0.05."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:41092639", "locator": "sections[41] \"Data availability\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "LAMC1 promotes diabetic retinopathy through epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulated by PI3K/AKT signaling axis.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:41092639", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "Our studies uncovered that LAMC1’s role in DR progression through PI3K/Akt-driven EMT, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:41092639", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "LAMC1 promotes diabetic retinopathy through epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulated by PI3K/AKT signaling axis."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "LAMC1 promotes diabetic retinopathy through epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulated by PI3K/AKT signaling axis.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:41092639"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE102485"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE102485"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:41092639", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphyss.2025.100045", "sha256": 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The physical bench the paper used is not, so a physical validation cannot be run here."}, "data": {"tier": "R1", "reachable": true, "accessions": ["GSE60436", "GSE102485"], "resolved_accessions": ["GSE60436", "GSE102485"], "statements": ["The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request."], "basis": "The paper names GSE60436, GSE102485 in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the accession resolves in the repository. No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read."}}, "can_run": {"dsl_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "assets": ["source:pmid:41092639", "data:geo:GSE102485"], "steps": ["run_analysis"]}, "must_build": {"dsl_operations": [], "converters": [], "readers": [], "capabilities": [], "data_gaps": ["data:geo:GSE102485"]}, "gaps": []}, "review": {"state": "partial", "machine_critique": {"kind": "extraction_review", "reader": {"model": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax", "provider_family": "minimax", "read_at": "2026-11-01T20:03:03Z", "independence": "single_reader"}, "evidence_check": {"method": "verbatim", "availability": "verbatim"}, "calls": 5, "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 14394, "completion_tokens": 1386, "cached_tokens": 264}}, "human_critique": null, "stages": [{"id": "extraction", "state": "complete", "reader": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax"}], "gaps": ["review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique", "review.human_critique"]}, "execution": {"state": "absent", "status": "not_run", "mode": null, "runs": [], "gaps": ["execution.not_run"]}, "provenance": {"entities": [{"id": "pmid:41092639", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:41092639"}, {"id": "source:pmid:41092639", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 41092639 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE102485", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE102485"}], "activities": [{"id": "activity-reading-sci-2026-11-01", "type": "classification", "used": [{"id": "pmid:41092639", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:41092639"}, {"id": "source:pmid:41092639", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 41092639 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE102485", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE102485"}], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}, {"id": "activity-read-41092639", "type": "extraction", "used": ["source:pmid:41092639"], "agent": "agent:minimax-reader"}, {"id": "activity-resolve-GSE102485", "type": "accession_resolution", "used": ["data:geo:GSE102485"], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}], "agents": [{"id": "agent:corpus-assay-engine", "type": "software", "label": "Corpus assay engine"}, {"id": "agent:minimax-reader", "type": "software", "label": "MiniMax literature reader"}], "source_run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01", "dsl_catalogue_fingerprint": "343fb30756ba6ec3", "capability_table_fingerprint": "2cb3e42f047d2ecf", "snapshot_id": "ba34b49490d9bfaf"}, "lineage": {"parent_id": "pmid:41092639", "parent_hash": "sha256:f2203ba3283fa249bc64e5f4a444fc3e181cb296438f7f25b1386a726c52b34c", "fork_of": null, "generation": 3}, "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE102485 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE102485 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE60436 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE60436 not downloaded", "execution.not_run", "method.reader_differs_from_extractor", "review.human_critique", "review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique"], "assays": [{"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "microarray", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.93, "evidence": ["playing a key role. By analyzing DR-related microarray datasets (GSE60436/GSE102485) from GEO, we i"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:269", "id": "assay:1"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "western_blot", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["ng 11 diagnostic hub genes, including LAMC1. Western blot analysis confirmed that LAMC1 significantly", "apidly frozen at - 80°C and was reserved for Western blot analysis. Statistical analysis All statistic"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:524", "id": "assay:2"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "animal_model", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["lls and diabetic mouse retinas. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that LAMC1 promotes EM", "cose (HG)-treated ARPE-19 cells and diabetic mouse retinas. In vitro and in vivo experiments co", "wing a 7-day period of adaptive feeding, the mice were randomly allocated into 4 distinct groups, e", "ecutive days. In contrast, the Control group mice were injected with an equivalent volume of citrat"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:649", "id": "assay:3"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "transfection", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.85, "evidence": ["ng migration and invasion. Conversely, LAMC1 knockdown alleviated retinal damage in diabetic mice."], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:850", "id": "assay:4"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "cell_culture", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["% penicillin/streptomycin (from Gibco). The cell culture was maintained in a humidified incubator set at a temperatu", "ocated in Shanghai, China). These cells were cultured in a 1:1 mixture of DMEM/F12 medium (manufactur"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1465", "id": "assay:5"}, {"role": "analysis", "definition_id": "differential_expression", "definition_version": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "support_state": "supported", "source_hashes": {"dsl_catalogue": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e"}, "confidence": 1.0, "evidence": ["The \"limma\" package was employed for this analysis, with the criteria of log2|(FC)|≥ 1 and an adjusted p-value less than 0.05."], "order_basis": "consumes_earlier_output", "id": "assay:6"}]},"meta":{"api_version":"v1","automation_ladder_snapshot":"ba34b49490d9bfaf","automation_ladder_caveats":["Method extraction is rule-based and has no hand-judged accuracy sample. Evidence bands order textual support; method agreement intervals are null (n=0), never probabilities. Work-type validation does not validate methods.","Operation coverage describes only explicitly named methods. It does not prove a complete protocol, compatible parameters, successful compilation or re-execution. Unrecognised or ambiguous methods require review.","Data reachability is a textual accession or public-data statement. No dataset was downloaded or checked for access, completeness or licence.","Capabilities are planning states seeded from the dated equipment register. No bench ownership, completed quote or partner booking is inferred. Procurement counts are dependencies, not guaranteed replications or financial returns.","Tier and blocker counts are deterministic assessments of this corpus, not measured agreement. R3 is reserved for procurement; unresolved methods and data require human work (R4). The most restrictive axis wins, with capability, method, data as tie-breaks. Resolving one blocker can leave another at the same tier."],"engine":"corpus_engine","engine_provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","run_id":"run-20261023T122449232913","source":"esearch","source_detail":"PubMed mirror biomed_pubmed (read-only)","run_status":"complete","imported_at":"2026-11-03T20:16:52+00:00","generated_at":"2026-11-04T00:45:59+00:00","total_papers":5529,"total_assays_tracked":29,"automatable_assay_families":6,"validated":true,"caveat_count":9,"blocking_caveats":5,"caveats":[{"code":"low_evidence_dominates","basis":["4,152 of 5,529 classifications (75.1%) matched no cue evidence and sit at the 0.05 floor.","34 of 230 data_only calls (14.8%) are in that group."],"claim":"Work type and confidence bands","gloss":"Most records were classified from their title and framing alone, with assay-cue coverage at zero.","detail":"Most classifications in this run rest on no matched evidence at all. At the evidence floor the work type comes from title framing and a fixed prior, not from anything in the paper, so the published work-type split should be read as a rough triage signal rather than a measured distribution. The impact is bounded but not removed: since 2026-10-23 the engine excludes floor-confidence records from the shortlist entirely and publishes them separately as held out, so the recommendation is unaffected even though the census is.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"runtime_is_modelled","basis":["Runtime is summed from published per-assay hour figures. Timing awaits the first executed replication.","4,407 of 5,529 records (79.7%) model to 0.00 hours because no assay was matched, which the ranking then reads as \"cheapest\".","0 of 10 shortlisted records carry a 0.00-hour estimate."],"claim":"Estimated replication runtime","gloss":"The hour figures are estimates built from assay mentions; timing awaits the first executed replication.","detail":"The hour figures are a cost model derived from the bench steps implied by each matched assay family. The first executed replication will supply measured timing. Records without an assay match currently receive a zero-hour model value.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"signal_score_without_citations","basis":["5,529 of 5,529 records (100.0%) have no citation count from the source metadata."],"claim":"Signal score","gloss":"The signal score uses publication-type weight because the mirror supplied zero citation counts.","detail":"The source supplied no citation counts for any record in this run, so the signal score is publication-type weight only. The citation term of the ranking is inert here, and the shortlist is ordered by publication type alone.","status":"unverified","severity":"high"},{"code":"abstract_absent","basis":["1,667 of 5,529 records (30.2%) carry no abstract at all."],"claim":"Evidence base for classification","gloss":"Some records contain a title and publication type only, defining the available classification evidence.","detail":"Where the mirror contains a title and publication types only, those fields define the classifier evidence. A methods section is required for fuller automated and human review.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"},{"code":"classifier_agreement_measured","basis":["Published two-way decision agreement 77.7% (310 of 399 decidable records) from a stratified hand-check of 438 real records.","Three-way diagnostic agreement 73.9% (288 of 390 decidable records).","data_only agreement 75.2% (100 of 133 decidable).","48 record(s) could not be decided from title and abstract and were excluded from the denominator.","56 analysis-only records were published under another work type, so the data_only share is not an upper bound."],"claim":"Published automatable decision","gloss":"This figure has been checked against a human reading the same papers, so we know how often it is right.","detail":"The published automatable / not-automatable distribution comes from a rule-based classifier that was hand-checked against a fixed ground-truth definition. The agreement rates below are measured, not estimated. The three-way work type remains a diagnostic and is reported separately.","status":"measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"llm_comparison_not_measured","basis":["rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f produced 5,529 of 5,529 classifications.","Measured on 438 labelled records; these are RULE-BASED figures, not model results."],"claim":"Rule-based versus LLM agreement","gloss":"Every number here is the rule engine’s own. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","detail":"The published two-way decision agreed with a human reading on 310 of 399 decidable records (77.7%). The diagnostic three-way label agreed on 288 of 390 decidable records (73.9%). Every percentage in this run belongs to the rule engine. Model comparison begins when a working API credential is connected and measured.","status":"not_measured","severity":"high"},{"code":"confidence_is_a_band","basis":["low band: 135 of 210 hand-judged records were correct, 64.3% [57.6, 70.5] (95% CI).","medium band: 80 of 104 hand-judged records were correct, 76.9% [68.0, 84.0] (95% CI).","high band: 73 of 76 hand-judged records were correct, 96.0% [89.0, 98.7] (95% CI).","A fitted calibrated probability was built, measured and withdrawn: it overstated held-out accuracy and reorders nothing."],"claim":"Confidence band and evidence score","gloss":"The confidence band carries a measured accuracy interval; 0.85 represents relative rank strength.","detail":"Confidence on this run is a BAND plus its measured accuracy interval. The number stored alongside each record is a monotone evidence score that orders records; 0.85 represents relative rank strength. A fitted probability was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy. Threshold on the band.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"three_way_split_is_diagnostic","basis":["The corpus is published at the two-way decision: automatable or not-automatable. The three-way split (data_only / physical / mixed) is published as a diagnostic with its measured reliability attached, not as a claim, because the rule engine's `mixed` call cannot be defended.","The engine called 22 record(s) mixed; 10 matched the human judgement (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9-65.3).","The engine's `mixed` call is right on 10/22 hand-judged records (45.5%, 95% CI 26.9%-65.3%); a constant `physical` guess scores 36.4%.","The engine's `mixed` call does not reliably beat a constant `physical` guess on the hand-judged records it labels mixed.","The sign of that difference flips between two independent samples, so the three-way refinement is not demonstrably informative.","The mixed stratum contributes a disproportionate share of errors relative to its size.","At title-only depth the physical/mixed split collapses: a title says that work was done, not whether it was also analysed."],"claim":"The published decision is two-way","gloss":"The three-way split is shown for diagnosis only. The published split is two ways.","detail":"Count and filter the corpus on automatable versus not-automatable. The data_only / physical / mixed split remains an internal engine diagnostic because the mixed call has lower measured reliability.","status":"measured","severity":"medium"},{"code":"automatable_flag_unproven","basis":["6 of 29 assay families are marked automatable now: meta_analysis, machine_learning, survival_analysis, pca, molecular_docking, differential_expression.","The flag is a rule over assay family and work type; validation begins with the first executed replication.","It inherits the 75.2% data_only agreement rate, because the flag requires the record to be analysis-only."],"claim":"Automatable now","gloss":"This flag marks assay families the rules classify as data-only. The first executed replication will validate it.","detail":"This flag marks families the rules consider replicable from data alone. Its validity depends on the analysis-only classification and will be measured through an executed replication.","status":"unverified","severity":"medium"}],"confidence_policy":"band_with_measured_interval","confidence_contract":{"policy":"band_with_measured_interval","summary":"Confidence is reported as a BAND with a measured accuracy interval. The raw evidence score supplies monotone ordering. A fitted point estimate was withdrawn after it overstated held-out accuracy.","evidence_score":"A monotone evidence score in [0,1] built from cue mass, axis separation and text coverage. Use it to order records. Interpret 0.85 as relative rank strength.","confidence_band":"low | medium | high. Consumers threshold on this value.","band_accuracy":"Wilson 95% interval on the measured agreement of the hand-judged records in this band.","calibrated_confidence":"WITHDRAWN. Reintroduction requires held-out evidence demonstrating reliable estimates across every bin."},"band_accuracy":{"low":{"n":210,"low":0.576,"band":"low","high":0.7046,"agree":135,"accuracy":0.6429},"high":{"n":76,"low":0.8903,"band":"high","high":0.9865,"agree":73,"accuracy":0.9605},"medium":{"n":104,"low":0.6795,"band":"medium","high":0.8397,"agree":80,"accuracy":0.7692}},"provider":"rule_based_v1+lex99e1195c7d6f","lexicon_id":"99e1195c7d6f","contract_published_at":"2026-10-23T12:25:29.022232+00:00","confidence_is_band":true,"confidence_is_probability":false,"decision_taxonomy":"two_way","decidable_fraction_two_way":0.8854,"decidable_fraction_two_way_low":0.8565,"decidable_fraction_two_way_high":0.9143,"decidable_fraction_three_way":0.8586,"decidable_fraction_three_way_low":0.8287,"decidable_fraction_three_way_high":0.8884,"decidable_population":5529,"validation_sample_size":438,"three_way_cost_fraction":0.0268,"three_way_cost_records":148,"decision_counts":{"automatable":230,"not_automatable":5299},"decision_split":{"automatable":{"count":230,"share":0.04159884246699222},"not_automatable":{"count":5299,"share":0.9584011575330078}},"diagnostic_work_type_counts":{"mixed":24,"physical":5275,"data_only":230}}}