Analyses of the xylem sap proteomes identified candidate Fusarium virguliforme proteinacious toxins.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:24845418", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 6, "content_hash": "sha256:956e6eb9e984e167d650def8a73556d9ba171508880c93fb7ac092cb6990cd00", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:40:05Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T21:19:49Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Analyses of the xylem sap proteomes identified candidate Fusarium virguliforme proteinacious toxins.", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0093667", "pmid": "24845418", "authors": ["Nilwala S Abeysekara", "Madan K Bhattacharyya"], "journal": "PloS one", "year": 2014, "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by the ascomycete fungus, Fusarium virguliforme, exhibits root necrosis and leaf scorch or foliar SDS. The pathogen has never been identified from the above ground diseased foliar tissues. Foliar SDS is believed to be caused by host selective toxins, including FvTox1, secreted by the fungus. This study investigated if the xylem sap of F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants contains secreted F. virguliforme-proteins, some of which could cause foliar SDS development.\nRESULTS: Xylem sap samples were collected from five biological replications of F. virguliforme-infected and uninfected soybean plants under controlled conditions. We identified five F. virguliforme proteins from the xylem sap of the F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants by conducting LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. These five proteins were also present in the excreted proteome of the pathogen in culture filtrates. One of these proteins showed high sequence identity to cerato-platanin, a phytotoxin produced by Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani to cause canker stain disease in the plane tree. Of over 500 soybean proteins identified in this study, 112 were present in at least 80% of the sap samples collected from F. virguliforme-infected and -uninfected control plants. We have identified four soybean defense proteins from the xylem sap of F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000873.\nCONCLUSION: This study confirms that a few F. virguliforme proteins travel through the xylem, some of which could be involved in foliar SDS development. We have identified five candidate proteinaceous toxins, one of which showed high similarity to a previously characterized phytotoxin. We have also shown the presence of four soybean defense proteins in the xylem sap of F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants. This study laid the foundation for studying the molecular basis of foliar SDS development in soybean and possible defense mechanisms that may be involved in conferring immunity against F. virguliforme and other soybean pathogens.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "We thank Ms. Katelynn Davis for technical assistance, Dr. Prashant Singh and Ms. Jordan Baumbach for reviewing the manuscript, and the PRIDE support team for assistance in uploading the dataset.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:24845418", "locator": "sections[19] \"ack\" paragraph 1", "quote": "We thank Ms. Katelynn Davis for technical assistance, Dr. Prashant Singh and Ms. Jordan Baumbach for reviewing the manuscript, and the PRIDE support team for assistance in uploading the dataset."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "partial", "objective": null, "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:24845418"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "blocked", "blocked_on": "data:accession_absent", "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC4028188", "section_index": 11, "section_title": "F. virguliforme Proteins were Identified from the Xylem Sap of the Infected Plants", "row_count": 0, "column_count": 0}, "table": {"label": "Table 1", "caption": "F. virguliforme peptides identified from the xylem sap of F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants.", "rows": [], "row_count": 0, "column_count": 0, "numeric_cells": 0, "header_rows": 0, "locator": "section[11]/table-wrap[1]#pone-0093667-t001"}}, {"id": "asset:table:pmid:24845418:2", "role": "table", "format": "jats-table", "media_type": "application/vnd.jats.table+json", "uri": null, "sha256": "sha256:f7a02a07d510be0351b2515c9ca9d7cdd362b50883773edd53f09bd6d5221904", "bytes": 245, "access": "open", "state": "verified", "reader": "read_table", "reader_status": "available", "identifier": "section[12]/table-wrap[1]#pone-0093667-t002", "version": null, "note": "Details of the F. virguliforme proteins identified in cell-free culture filtrates.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC4028188", "section_index": 12, "section_title": "Excreted Proteome of the Cell-free F. virguliforme Culture Filtrate Contains All Five Xylem Sap F. virguliforme Proteins", "row_count": 0, "column_count": 0}, "table": {"label": "Table 2", "caption": "Details of the F. virguliforme proteins identified in cell-free culture filtrates.", "rows": [], "row_count": 0, "column_count": 0, "numeric_cells": 0, "header_rows": 0, "locator": "section[12]/table-wrap[1]#pone-0093667-t002"}}, {"id": "asset:table:pmid:24845418:3", "role": "table", "format": "jats-table", "media_type": "application/vnd.jats.table+json", "uri": null, "sha256": "sha256:81a17cdb612caed385bc1999c468163db2bba8c42e2795eac2f9ee4591b60828", "bytes": 284, "access": "open", "state": "verified", "reader": "read_table", "reader_status": "available", "identifier": "section[13]/table-wrap[1]#pone-0093667-t003", "version": null, "note": "Soybean proteins identified from the xylem saps of both F. virguliforme-infected and -uninfected, healthy soybean plants.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC4028188", "section_index": 13, "section_title": "Soybean Proteins Detected in the Xylem Sap Samples Collected from the F. virguliforme Infected or Uninfected Plants", "row_count": 0, "column_count": 0}, "table": {"label": "Table 3", "caption": "Soybean proteins identified from the xylem saps of both F. virguliforme-infected and -uninfected, healthy soybean plants.", "rows": [], "row_count": 0, "column_count": 0, "numeric_cells": 0, "header_rows": 0, "locator": "section[13]/table-wrap[1]#pone-0093667-t003"}}, {"id": "asset:table:pmid:24845418:4", "role": "table", "format": "jats-table", "media_type": "application/vnd.jats.table+json", "uri": null, "sha256": "sha256:b9489de57e483ab185315c7def5ff11f62d9da57f1f09974b5e2b3041f5cceae", "bytes": 292, "access": "open", "state": "verified", "reader": "read_table", "reader_status": "available", "identifier": 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The peptide tolerance was set to 10 ppm and MS/MS tolerance was set to 0.8 Da. Fixed carbamidomethyl modification of cysteine, variable modifications of methionine oxidation, deamination of asparagine and glutamine were considered. 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