PD-L1 expression is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:26893364", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 5, "content_hash": "sha256:0b33c7b9ce4e81e33cbdb019faf39d77c7f2e1508f5744ebfcf151c959908516", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:40:16Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T21:20:24Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "PD-L1 expression is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.", "doi": "10.18632/oncotarget.7431", "pmid": "26893364", "authors": ["Chan-Young Ock", "Sehui Kim", "Bhumsuk Keam", "Miso Kim", "Tae Min Kim", "Jin-Ho Kim", "Yoon Kyung Jeon", "Ju-Seog Lee", "Seong Keun Kwon", "J Hun Hah", "Tack-Kyun Kwon", "Dong-Wan Kim", "Hong-Gyun Wu", "Myung-Whun Sung", "Dae Seog Heo"], "journal": "Oncotarget", "year": 2016, "abstract": "Virus-associated malignancies and sarcomatoid cancers correlate with high PD-L1 expression, however, underlying mechanisms remain controversial. We evaluated the correlation between PD-L1 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC).Tumor tissues from 50 patients with HNSCC were evaluated for PD-L1 by immunohistochemistry, which showed 32 (64.0%) were PD-L1 positive (PD-L1+). Interestingly, PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with EMT (P = 0.010), as assessed by low E-cadherin and high vimentin expression. The overall survival of PD-L1+ patients with EMT features was significantly worse than those without EMT features (P = 0.007). In an independent validation cohort (N = 91), as well as in HNSCC cases of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, high PD-L1 expression was also associated with the high probability of an EMT signature, referred from the GEO dataset, GSE4824. Survival analysis confirmed PD-L1+/EMT+ patients had a poorer prognosis than PD-L1+/EMT- patients in the TCGA cohort. PD-L1 positivity can thus be divided into two categories according to the absence or presence of EMT. PD-L1 expression is also independently associated with EMT features in HNSCC.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Briefly, the 75 gene expression data in the training set (GSE35640, Supplementary Table 1) were combined to form a classifier according to a Bayesian compound covariate predictor (BCCP) [51].", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:26893364", "locator": "sections[11] \"Statistical analyses of microarray, RNA sequencing, and clinicopathologic data\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Briefly, the 75 gene expression data in the training set (GSE35640, Supplementary Table 1) were combined to form a classifier according to a Bayesian compound covariate predictor (BCCP) [51]."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "A 75 gene EMT expression signature was obtained from the GSE4824 dataset, which predicted mesenchymal features in lung cancer cell lines, including squamous cell carcinoma [26]. EMT predictions based on the 75 gene signature were conducted for HNSCC samples and cell lines from TCGA and CCLE, respectively [20, 27].", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:26893364", "locator": "sections[5] \"Correlation of PD-L1 with EMT in TCGA and CCLE\" paragraph 2", "quote": "A 75 gene EMT expression signature was obtained from the GSE4824 dataset, which predicted mesenchymal features in lung cancer cell lines, including squamous cell carcinoma [26]. EMT predictions based on the 75 gene signature were conducted for HNSCC samples and cell lines from TCGA and CCLE, respectively [20, 27]."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "In the training cohort of 50 HNSCC patients, PD-L1 immunohistochemistry and EMT classification by E-cadherin and vimentin immunohistochemistry were compared using Fisher’s exact test; PD-L1 positivity was significantly more frequent in EMT-positive tumors (P = 0.013). The source data were tumor tissues from patients treated at Seoul National University Hospital, and the independent validation used TCGA and CCLE expression data with the GSE4824 EMT signature.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:26893364", "locator": "sections[3] \"PD-L1 expression correlated with EMT\" paragraph 2", "quote": "PD-L1 positivity was significantly higher in patients with EMT-positive tumors (P = 0.013, Figure 1B)."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:26893364", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with EMT (P = 0.010), as assessed by low E-cadherin and high vimentin expression."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "In the training cohort of 50 HNSCC patients, PD-L1 immunohistochemistry and EMT classification by E-cadherin and vimentin immunohistochemistry were compared using Fisher’s exact test; PD-L1 positivity was significantly more frequent in EMT-positive tumors (P = 0.013). The source data were tumor tissues from patients treated at Seoul National University Hospital, and the independent validation used TCGA and CCLE expression data with the GSE4824 EMT signature.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:26893364"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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"identifier": "section[3]/table-wrap[1]#T1", "version": null, "note": "Patient characteristics", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC4941285", "section_index": 3, "section_title": "PD-L1 expression correlated with EMT", "row_count": 27, "column_count": 12}, "table": {"label": "Table 1", "caption": "Patient characteristics", "rows": [["", "", "Training cohort", "Validation cohort"], ["AllN=50", "PD-L1(−)N=18", "PD-L1(+)EMT(−)N=17", "PD-L1(+)EMT(+)N=15", "P value", "AllN=91", "PD-L1(−)N=32", "PD-L1−LI(+)EMT(−)N=32", "PD-L1(+)EMT(+)N=27", "P value"], ["Age", "Median years(range)", "60(16-78)", "61(44-78)", "57(16-75)", "61(26-76)", "0.074", "59(20-89)", "61(20-89)", "59(29-80)", "59(31-79)", "0.853"], ["Sex", "Men, N (%)", "40 (80.0)", "14 (77.8)", "15 (88.2)", "11 (73.3)", "", "61 (67.0)", "25 (78.1)", "19 (59.4)", "17 (63.0)", ""], ["", "Women, N (%)", "10 (20.0)", "4 (22.2)", "2 (11.8)", "4 (26.7)", "0.614", "30 (33.0)", "7 (21.9)", "13 (40.6)", "10 (37.0)", "0.232"], ["Smoking", "Non-smoker, N 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"7 (25.9)", ""], ["", "IVA, N (%)", "27 (54.0)", "8 (44.4)", "10 (58.8)", "8 (53.3)", "0.253", "47 (52.2)", "15 (48.4)", "19 (59.4)", "13 (48.2)", "0.504"], ["Definitive Treatment", "Concurrent chemoradiotherapy, N (%)", "16 (32.0)", "7 (38.9)", "4 (23.5)", "5 (33.3)", "", "11 (12.1)", "2 (6.3)", "7 (21.9)", "2 (7.4)", ""], ["", "Surgery, N (%)", "34 (68.0)", "11 (61.1)", "13 (76.5)", "10 (66.7)", "0.693", "80 (87.9)", "30 (93.8)", "25 (78.1)", "25 (92.6)", "0.167"], ["Overall survival", "Median months (95% CI)", "NR(43.7-NR)", "50.1(25.0-NR)", "NR(NR-NR)", "35.7(30-NR)", "0.007**", "117(102.4-NR)", "117(102.4-NR)", "NR(NR-NR)", "26.3(11.2-NR)", "0.003**"], ["", "3-year survival rate", "73.7%", "74.3%", "100%", "42.8%", "", "71.0%", "83.6%", "80.3%", "45.6%", ""], ["", "5-year survival rate", "53.2%", "41.3%", "100%", "21.4%", "", "68.1%", "77.6%", "80.3%", "45.6%", ""], ["Median follow-up", "Median months (range)", "72.4(23.0-119.6)", "84.5(27.4-119.6)", "50.3(33.0-112.7)", 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expression", "rows": [["", "", "Training cohort", "Validation cohort"], ["Univariate", "Multivariate", "Univariate", "Multivariate"], ["HR (95% CI)", "P value", "HR (95% CI)", "P value", "HR (95% CI)", "P value", "HR (95% CI)", "P value"], ["Age", "Continuous", "0.97 (0.92-1.02)", "0.275", "", "", "0.99 (0.96-1.03)", "0.646", "", ""], ["Sex", "Female (vs. Male)", "0.81 (0.19-3.35)", "0.769", "", "", "2.28 (0.85-6.13)", "0.102", "", ""], ["Smoking", "Yes (vs. No)", "0.75 (0.23-2.42)", "0.631", "", "", "0.82 (0.32-2.10)", "0.677", "", ""], ["ECOG", "1 (vs. 0)", "0.28 (0.05-1.43)", "0.125", "", "", "0.88 (0.37-2.11)", "0.777", "", ""], ["Stage", "Continuous", "0.81 (0.44-1.49)", "0.495", "", "", "1.34 (0.90-1.99)", "0.151", "", ""], ["Location", "Oropharynx (vs. Non-oropharynx)", "6.22 (1.22-31.7)", "0.028", "8.60 (1.54-48.1)", "0.014", "2.64 (1.05-6.66)", "0.039", "3.63 (1.33-9.90)", "0.012"], ["p16", "Positive (vs. Negative)", "3.00 (0.72-12.5)", "0.132", "", "", "1.75 (0.69-4.44)", 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