Intestinal Microbiota and Microbial Metabolites Are Changed in a Pig Model Fed a High-Fat/Low-Fiber or a Low-Fat/High-Fiber Diet.

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However, research is still needed to further elaborate potential relationships between nutrition, gut microbiota and host's health by means of a suitable animal model. The present study examined the effect of two different diets on microbial composition and activity by using the pig as a model for humans. Eight pigs were equally allotted to two treatments, either fed a low-fat/high-fiber (LF), or a high-fat/low-fiber (HF) diet for 7 weeks. Feces were sampled at day 7 of every experimental week. Diet effects on fecal microbiota were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR, DNA fingerprinting and metaproteomics. Furthermore, fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles and ammonia concentrations were determined. Gene copy numbers of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria (P<0.001) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (P<0.05) were higher in the LF pigs, while Enterobacteriaceae were more abundant in the HF pigs (P<0.001). Higher numbers of proteins affiliated to Enterobacteriaceae were also present in the HF samples. Proteins for polysaccharide breakdown did almost exclusively originate from Prevotellaceae. Total and individual fecal SCFA concentrations were higher for pigs of the LF treatment (P<0.05), whereas fecal ammonia concentrations did not differ between treatments (P>0.05). Results provide evidence that beginning from the start of the experiment, the LF diet stimulated beneficial bacteria and SCFA production, especially butyrate (P<0.05), while the HF diet fostered those bacterial groups which have been associated with a negative impact on health conditions. These findings correspond to results in humans and might strengthen the hypothesis that the response of the porcine gut microbiota to a specific dietary modulation is in support of using the pig as suitable animal model for humans to assess diet-gut-microbiota interactions. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003447.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Using the selected correlation structure, the data were subjected to a mixed model analysis using the MIXED procedure of SAS.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:27100182", "locator": "sections[12] \"Statistical analyses of quantitative real-time PCR and microbial metabolite data\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Using the selected correlation structure, the data were subjected to a mixed model analysis using the MIXED procedure of SAS."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:27100182", "locator": "sections[22] \"Data Availability\" paragraph 2", "quote": "All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "The LF diet stimulated beneficial bacteria and short-chain fatty acid production, whereas the HF diet favored potentially harmful bacterial groups; diet effects were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, DNA fingerprinting, metaproteomics, SCFA and ammonia analyses, with repeated-measures data analyzed using SAS mixed models with REML-selected correlation structures and Kenward–Roger comparisons, and proteomics data available through ProteomeXchange identifier PXD003447.", "kind": "quantitative", "target": {"value": 0.05, "unit": "p-value", "tolerance": null, "source": "Results provide evidence that beginning from the start of the experiment, the LF diet stimulated beneficial bacteria and SCFA production, especially butyrate (P<0.05), while the HF diet fostered those bacterial groups which have been associated with a negative impact on health conditions."}, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:27100182", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "Results provide evidence that beginning from the start of the experiment, the LF diet stimulated beneficial bacteria and SCFA production, especially butyrate (P<0.05), while the HF diet fostered those bacterial groups which have been associated with a negative impact on health conditions."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:27100182", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "Diet effects on fecal microbiota were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR, DNA fingerprinting and metaproteomics."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:27100182", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003447."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "partial", "objective": "The LF diet stimulated beneficial bacteria and short-chain fatty acid production, whereas the HF diet favored potentially harmful bacterial groups; diet effects were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, DNA fingerprinting, metaproteomics, SCFA and ammonia analyses, with repeated-measures data analyzed using SAS mixed models with REML-selected correlation structures and Kenward–Roger comparisons, and proteomics data available through ProteomeXchange identifier PXD003447.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:27100182"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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