Association of potential salivary biomarkers with diabetic retinopathy and its severity in type-2 diabetes mellitus: a proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:27280065", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:e7ff2ea2eac9b2c0be70db79ebfc4ed4d8cd3504c4187ddf98eda61856f57e6c", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:40:18Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T21:20:33Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Association of potential salivary biomarkers with diabetic retinopathy and its severity in type-2 diabetes mellitus: a proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry.", "doi": "10.7717/peerj.2022", "pmid": "27280065", "authors": ["Chin Soon Chee", "Khai Meng Chang", "Mun Fai Loke", "Voon Pei Angela Loo", "Visvaraja Subrayan"], "journal": "PeerJ", "year": 2016, "abstract": "AIM/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of our study was to characterize the human salivary proteome and determine the changes in protein expression in two different stages of diabetic retinopathy with type-2 diabetes mellitus: (1) with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and (2) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Type-2 diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy (XDR) was designated as control.\nMETHOD: In this study, 45 saliva samples were collected (15 samples from XDR control group, 15 samples from NPDR disease group and 15 samples from PDR disease group). Salivary proteins were extracted, reduced, alkylated, trypsin digested and labeled with an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) before being analyzed by an Orbitrap fusion tribrid mass spectrometer. Protein annotation, fold change calculation and statistical analysis were interrogated by Proteome Discoverer. Biological pathway analysis was performed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD003723-PX003725.\nRESULTS: A total of 315 proteins were identified from the salivary proteome and 119 proteins were found to be differentially expressed. The differentially expressed proteins from the NPDR disease group and the PDR disease group were assigned to respective canonical pathways indicating increased Liver X receptor/Retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) activation, Farnesoid X receptor/Retinoid X receptor (FXR/RXR) activation, acute phase response signaling, sucrose degradation V and regulation of actin-based motility by Rho in the PDR disease group compared to the NPDR disease group.\nCONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Progression from non-proliferative to proliferative retinopathy in type-2 diabetic patients is a complex multi-mechanism and systemic process. Furthermore, saliva was shown to be a feasible alternative sample source for diabetic retinopathy biomarkers.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "A list of networks and functional and canonical pathways were generated and the significance of the associations was assessed with the Fisher’s exact test (p < 0.05).", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:27280065", "locator": "sections[11] \"Bioinformatic analysis of differential expressed proteins\" paragraph 2", "quote": "A list of networks and functional and canonical pathways were generated and the significance of the associations was assessed with the Fisher’s exact test (p < 0.05)."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The following information was supplied regarding data availability:ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE:https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD003723;https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD003724;https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD003725.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:27280065", "locator": "sections[17] \"Additional Information and Declarations\" paragraph 5", "quote": "The following information was supplied regarding data availability:ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE:https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD003723;https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD003724;https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD003725."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "Using Proteome Discoverer for protein annotation, fold-change calculation, and statistical analysis, the study identified 315 salivary proteins, with 119 differentially expressed; the source data were deposited in ProteomeXchange under identifiers PXD003723–PX003725.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:27280065"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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