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pmid:31592160

CD36 identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis as a hub candidate gene in lupus nephritis.

Huiying Yang · Hua Li

PeerJ · 2019 doi:10.7717/peerj.7722

Paper

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CD36 identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis as a hub candidate gene in lupus nephritis.
doi
10.7717/peerj.7722
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Huiying Yang
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Hua Li
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PeerJ
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2019
abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which often progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and ultimately leads to death. At present, there are no definitive therapies towards LN, so that illuminating the molecular mechanism behind the disease has become an urgent task for researchers. Bioinformatics has become a widely utilized method for exploring genes related to disease. This study set out to conduct weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and screen the hub gene of LN. We performed WGCNA on the microarray expression profile dataset of GSE104948 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database with 18 normal and 21 LN samples of glomerulus. A total of 5,942 genes were divided into 5 co-expression modules, one of which was significantly correlated to LN. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted on the LN-related module, and the module was proved to be associated mainly with the activation of inflammation, immune response, cytokines, and immune cells. Genes in the most significant GO terms were extracted for sub-networks of WGNCA. We evaluated the centrality of genes in the sub-networks by Maximal Clique Centrality (MCC) method and CD36 was ultimately screened out as a hub candidate gene of the pathogenesis of LN. The result was verified by its differentially expressed level between normal and LN in GSE104948 and the other three multi-microarray datasets of GEO. Moreover, we further demonstrated that the expression level of CD36 is related to the WHO Lupus Nephritis Class of LN patients with the help of Nephroseq database. The current study proposed CD36 as a vital candidate gene in LN for the first time and CD36 may perform as a brand-new biomarker or therapeutic target of LN in the future.
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GSM2642349
[59]
GSM2642350
[60]
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[61]
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[62]
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[63]
GSM2642354
[64]
GSM2642355
[65]
GSM2642356
[66]
GSM2642357
[67]
GSM2642358
[68]
GSM2642359
[69]
GSM2642360
[70]
GSM2642361
[71]
GSM2642362
[72]
GSM2642363
[73]
GSM2642364
[74]
GSM2642365
[75]
GSM2642366
[76]
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[77]
GSM2642368
[78]
GSM2642369
[79]
GSM2642370
[80]
GSM2642371
[81]
GSM2642372
[82]
GSM2642373
[83]
GSM2642374
[84]
GSM2642375
[85]
GSM2642376
[86]
GSM2642377
[87]
GSM2642378
[88]
GSM2642379
[89]
GSM2642380
[90]
GSM2642381
[91]
GSM2642382
[92]
GSM2642383
[93]
GSM2642384
[94]
GSM2642385
[95]
GSM2642386
[96]
GSM2642387
[97]
GSM2642388
[98]
GSM2642389
[99]
GSM2642390
[100]
GSM2642391
[101]
GSM2642392
[102]
GSM2642393
[103]
GSM2642394
[104]
GSM2642395
[105]
GSM2642396
[106]
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[107]
GSM2642398
[108]
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[109]
GSM2642400
[110]
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[111]
GSM2642402
[112]
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[113]
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[114]
GSM2642405
[115]
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[116]
GSM2642407
[117]
GSM2642408
[118]
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[119]
GSM2642410
[120]
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[121]
GSM2642412
[122]
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[123]
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[124]
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[125]
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[126]
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[127]
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[128]
GSM2642419
[129]
GSM2642420
[130]
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[131]
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[132]
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[133]
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[134]
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[135]
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[136]
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[137]
GSM2642428
[138]
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[139]
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[140]
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[141]
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[142]
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[143]
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[144]
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[145]
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[146]
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[147]
GSM2642438
[148]
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[149]
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[150]
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[151]
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[152]
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[153]
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[154]
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[155]
GSM2642446
[156]
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[157]
GSM2642448
[158]
GSM2642449
[159]
GSM2642450
[160]
GSM2642451
[161]
GSM2642452
[162]
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[163]
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[164]
GSM2642455
[165]
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[166]
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[167]
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[168]
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[169]
GSM2642460
[170]
GSM2642461
[171]
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[172]
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[173]
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[174]
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[175]
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[176]
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[177]
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[178]
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[179]
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[180]
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[181]
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[182]
GSM2642473
[183]
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[184]
GSM2642475
[185]
GSM2642476
[186]
GSM2642477
sample_count
187
group_sizes
null
group_sizes_basis
null
platform
19109;19184
taxon
Homo sapiens
title
Transcriptome-based network analysis reveals renal cell type-specific dysregulation of hypoxia-associated transcripts [glomeruli]
resolution_checked_at
2026-11-01T15:39:55Z
resolution_check
identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read
downloaded
false
licence_read
false
gaps array · 8 items
[0]
asset:data:geo:GSE104948 not downloaded
[1]
asset:data:geo:GSE104948 licence not read
[2]
asset:data:geo:GSE113342 not downloaded
[3]
asset:data:geo:GSE113342 licence not read
[4]
asset:data:geo:GSE32591 not downloaded
[5]
asset:data:geo:GSE32591 licence not read
[6]
asset:data:geo:GSE99339 not downloaded
[7]
asset:data:geo:GSE99339 licence not read
analysis object · 4 fields
state
complete
methods array · 1 item
[0] object · 10 fields
id
method-1
family
network_analysis
specific
centrality
label
Network / pathway analysis
dsl_operations array · 3 items
[0]
build_graph
[1]
centrality_scores
[2]
pathway_enrich
missing_operations array · 0 items
parameters object · 0 fields
data_shapes array · 1 item
[0]
edge_list
evidence object · 3 fields
score
0.7
band
medium
quote
centrality
targets array · 0 items
gaps array · 0 items
capability object · 3 fields
state
complete
requirements array · 1 item
[0] object · 6 fields
capability_id
capability:computational_analysis
label
Computational analysis platform
assay_families array · 9 items
[0]
meta_analysis
[1]
machine_learning
[2]
survival_analysis
[3]
statistical_regression
[4]
pca
[5]
molecular_docking
[6]
network_analysis
[7]
differential_expression
[8]
gwas
candidate
Automated Assays Laravel application and simulated adapters
gaps array · 0 items
readiness object · 8 fields
state
complete
tier
R1
blocked_on
nothing:replicable_now
axes object · 3 fields
method object · 5 fields
tier
R1
expressible
true
required_operations array · 3 items
[0]
build_graph
[1]
centrality_scores
[2]
pathway_enrich
missing_operations array · 0 items
basis
The paper names the method it used and the corpus's method extractor maps it onto the DSL catalogue: centrality.
capability object · 4 fields
tier
R1
capability_id
capability:computational_analysis
availability_state
owned
basis
The computational analysis is owned. The physical bench the paper used is not, so a physical validation cannot be run here.
data object · 6 fields
tier
R1
reachable
true
accessions array · 4 items
[0]
GSE104948
[1]
GSE32591
[2]
GSE99339
[3]
GSE113342
resolved_accessions array · 4 items
[0]
GSE104948
[1]
GSE32591
[2]
GSE99339
[3]
GSE113342
statements array · 1 item
[0]
The following information was supplied regarding data availability:Data is available at NCBI GEO: GSE104948.
basis
The paper names GSE104948, GSE32591, GSE99339, GSE113342 in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the accession resolves in the repository. No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read.
can_run object · 3 fields
dsl_operations array · 3 items
[0]
build_graph
[1]
centrality_scores
[2]
pathway_enrich
assets array · 2 items
[0]
source:pmid:31592160
[1]
data:geo:GSE104948
steps array · 1 item
[0]
run_analysis
must_build object · 5 fields
dsl_operations array · 0 items
converters array · 0 items
readers array · 0 items
capabilities array · 0 items
data_gaps array · 1 item
[0]
data:geo:GSE104948
gaps array · 0 items
review object · 5 fields
state
partial
machine_critique object · 5 fields
kind
extraction_review
reader object · 5 fields
model
MiniMax-M3.1-Flash
provider
minimax
provider_family
minimax
read_at
2026-10-31T18:50:45Z
independence
single_reader
evidence_check object · 2 fields
method
absent
availability
verbatim
calls
3
usage object · 3 fields
prompt_tokens
24428
completion_tokens
2373
cached_tokens
8328
stages array · 1 item
[0] object · 4 fields
id
extraction
state
complete
reader
MiniMax-M3.1-Flash
provider
minimax
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[0]
review.independent_reader
[1]
review.machine_critique
[2]
review.human_critique
execution object · 5 fields
state
absent
status
not_run
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null
runs array · 0 items
gaps array · 1 item
[0]
execution.not_run
provenance object · 7 fields
entities array · 3 items
[0] object · 3 fields
id
pmid:31592160
type
paper
label
pmid:31592160
[1] object · 3 fields
id
source:pmid:31592160
type
manuscript
label
PMID 31592160 full text
[2] object · 3 fields
id
data:geo:GSE104948
type
dataset
label
GEO GSE104948
activities array · 3 items
[0] object · 4 fields
id
activity-reading-sci-2026-11-01
type
classification
used array · 3 items
[0] object · 3 fields
id
pmid:31592160
type
paper
label
pmid:31592160
[1] object · 3 fields
id
source:pmid:31592160
type
manuscript
label
PMID 31592160 full text
[2] object · 3 fields
id
data:geo:GSE104948
type
dataset
label
GEO GSE104948
agent
agent:corpus-assay-engine
[1] object · 4 fields
id
activity-read-31592160
type
extraction
used array · 1 item
[0]
source:pmid:31592160
agent
agent:minimax-reader
[2] object · 4 fields
id
activity-resolve-GSE104948
type
accession_resolution
used array · 1 item
[0]
data:geo:GSE104948
agent
agent:corpus-assay-engine
agents array · 2 items
[0] object · 3 fields
id
agent:corpus-assay-engine
type
software
label
Corpus assay engine
[1] object · 3 fields
id
agent:minimax-reader
type
software
label
MiniMax literature reader
source_run_id
reading-sci-2026-11-01
dsl_catalogue_fingerprint
343fb30756ba6ec3
capability_table_fingerprint
2cb3e42f047d2ecf
snapshot_id
ba34b49490d9bfaf
lineage object · 4 fields
parent_id
pmid:31592160
parent_hash
sha256:ac4a8e7d94e6189278202a8c043faac3826586eb1aba99bab953a93f9a263a91
fork_of
null
gaps array · 12 items
[0]
asset:data:geo:GSE104948 licence not read
[1]
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[2]
asset:data:geo:GSE113342 licence not read
[3]
asset:data:geo:GSE113342 not downloaded
[4]
asset:data:geo:GSE32591 licence not read
[5]
asset:data:geo:GSE32591 not downloaded
[6]
asset:data:geo:GSE99339 licence not read
[7]
asset:data:geo:GSE99339 not downloaded
[8]
execution.not_run
[9]
review.human_critique
[10]
review.independent_reader
[11]
review.machine_critique
assays array · 1 item
[0] object · 11 fields
role
analysis
definition_id
network_analysis
definition_version
f2132e96ae6c7a4e
required_operations array · 3 items
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build_graph
[1]
centrality_scores
[2]
pathway_enrich
support_state
supported
source_hashes object · 1 field
dsl_catalogue
f2132e96ae6c7a4e
evidence array · 1 item
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centrality
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Complete file
{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:31592160", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:b660105fedd6e9eac44ade04656d709294bbb4c618fd8eaeb4c330b2ee6442e6", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:40:50Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:00:53Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "CD36 identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis as a hub candidate gene in lupus nephritis.", "doi": "10.7717/peerj.7722", "pmid": "31592160", "authors": ["Huiying Yang", "Hua Li"], "journal": "PeerJ", "year": 2019, "abstract": "Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which often progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and ultimately leads to death. At present, there are no definitive therapies towards LN, so that illuminating the molecular mechanism behind the disease has become an urgent task for researchers. Bioinformatics has become a widely utilized method for exploring genes related to disease. This study set out to conduct weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and screen the hub gene of LN. We performed WGCNA on the microarray expression profile dataset of GSE104948 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database with 18 normal and 21 LN samples of glomerulus. A total of 5,942 genes were divided into 5 co-expression modules, one of which was significantly correlated to LN. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted on the LN-related module, and the module was proved to be associated mainly with the activation of inflammation, immune response, cytokines, and immune cells. Genes in the most significant GO terms were extracted for sub-networks of WGNCA. We evaluated the centrality of genes in the sub-networks by Maximal Clique Centrality (MCC) method and CD36 was ultimately screened out as a hub candidate gene of the pathogenesis of LN. The result was verified by its differentially expressed level between normal and LN in GSE104948 and the other three multi-microarray datasets of GEO. Moreover, we further demonstrated that the expression level of CD36 is related to the WHO Lupus Nephritis Class of LN patients with the help of Nephroseq database. The current study proposed CD36 as a vital candidate gene in LN for the first time and CD36 may perform as a brand-new biomarker or therapeutic target of LN in the future.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The following information was supplied regarding data availability:Data is available at NCBI GEO: GSE104948.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:31592160", "locator": "sections[24] \"Additional Information and Declarations\" paragraph 4", "quote": "The following information was supplied regarding data availability:Data is available at NCBI GEO: GSE104948."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": null, "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:31592160"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE104948"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE104948"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:31592160", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7722", "sha256": "sha256:2cc98801faf966311711619892f6ffd686c755c8875e8d027d58590af10f57a1", "bytes": 33099, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "10.7717/peerj.7722", "version": null, "note": "Full article fetched from PMC; the checksum covers the rendered section body, not the original XML bytes.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC6777479", "source": "europe_pmc_fulltext", "coverage": "whole_body_without_references", "text_hash_scope": "rendered_section_body"}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE104948", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE104948", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE104948", "version": null, "note": "The following information was supplied regarding data availability:Data is available at NCBI GEO: GSE104948.", 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