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pmid:33193087

Immune Cell Confrontation in the Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Microenvironment.

Zhenyu Xie · Xin Li · Yuzhen He · Song Wu · Shiyue Wang · Jianjian Sun · Yuchen He · Yu Lun · Jian Zhang

Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020 doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.570604

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complete

Experiment

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Data

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Analysis

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title
Immune Cell Confrontation in the Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Microenvironment.
doi
10.3389/fendo.2020.570604
pmid
33193087
authors array · 9 items
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Zhenyu Xie
[1]
Xin Li
[2]
Yuzhen He
[3]
Song Wu
[4]
Shiyue Wang
[5]
Jianjian Sun
[6]
Yuchen He
[7]
Yu Lun
[8]
Jian Zhang
journal
Frontiers in endocrinology
year
2020
abstract
Background: Papillary thyroid cancer has been associated with chronic inflammation. A systematic understanding of immune cell infiltration in PTC is essential for subsequent immune research and new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Methods: Three different algorithms, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), immune cell marker and CIBERSORT, were used to evaluate immune cell infiltration levels (abundance and proportion) in 10 data sets (The Cancer Genome Atlas [TCGA], GSE3467, GSE3678, GSE5364, GSE27155, GSE33630, GSE50901, GSE53157, GSE58545, and GSE60542; a total of 799 PTC and 194 normal thyroid samples). Consensus unsupervised clustering divided PTC patients into low-immunity and high-immunity groups. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to analyze the potential mechanisms causing differences in the immune response. Results: Compared with normal tissues, PTC tissues had a higher overall immune level and higher abundance levels and proportions of M2 macrophages, Tregs, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells (MCs), and M0 macrophages. Compared with early PTC, advanced PTC showed higher immune infiltration and higher abundance levels and proportions of M2 macrophages, Tregs, monocytes, neutrophils, DCs, MCs, and M0 macrophages. Compared to the low-immunity group, the high-immunity group exhibited more advanced stages, larger tumor sizes, greater lymph node metastases, higher tall-cell PTCs, lower follicular PTC proportions, more BRAF mutations, and fewer RAS mutations. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection was the most significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway for key module genes. Conclusions: In human PTC, M2 macrophages, Tregs, monocytes, neutrophils, DCs, MCs, and M0 macrophages appear to play a tumor-promoting role, while M1 macrophages, CD8+ T cells, B cells, NK cells, and T follicular helper (TFH) cells (including eosinophils, γδ T cells, and Th17 cells with weak supporting evidence) appear to play an antitumor role. During the occurrence and development of PTC, the overall immune level was increased, and the abundance and proportion of tumor-promoting immune cells were significantly increased, indicating that immune escape had been aggravated. Finally, we speculate that EBV may play an important role in changing the immune microenvironment of PTC tumors.
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The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Materials , further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
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570
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Gene expression profiling associated with the progression to poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas
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2026-11-01T15:39:54Z
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[114]
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[258]
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[262]
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[263]
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[267]
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[268]
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[292]
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[300]
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[302]
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GSM122029
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96
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Homo sapiens
title
A Precisely Regulated Gene Expression Cassette Potently Modulates Metastasis and Survival in Multiple Solid Cancers
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2026-11-01T15:39:54Z
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identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read
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[8] object · 15 fields
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GEO accession URL
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The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Materials , further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
access_statement_kind
data_availability_statement
sample_accessions array · 45 items
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GSM1413225
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[44]
GSM1413269
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45
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null
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96
taxon
Homo sapiens
title
Gene expression signature associated with BRAFV600E mutation in human papillary thyroid carcinoma based on transgenic mouse model (human)
resolution_checked_at
2026-11-01T15:39:54Z
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identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read
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Immune cells in the PTC microenvironment.
structure object · 5 fields
pmcid
PMC7642595
section_index
17
section_title
Increased Proportion of Tumor-Promoting Immune Cells in PTC
row_count
41
column_count
3
table object · 8 fields
label
Table 1
caption
Immune cells in the PTC microenvironment.
rows array · 41 items
[0] array · 3 items
[0]
Immune cells
[1]
Reported data
[2]
References
[1] array · 3 items
[0]
B cells
[1]
• In DTCs, B cells were positively correlated with reduced tumor sizes.
[2]
(26)
[2] array · 3 items
[0]
TAMs
[1]
• Macrophages are present in the immune environment of PTC and are significantly elevated in the BRAF V600E+ group.
[2]
(27)
[3] array · 2 items
[0]
• The density of macrophages in PTC tissues is significantly higher than that in normal tissues.
[1]
(28, 29),
[4] array · 2 items
[0]
• Compared with thyroid goiter and follicular adenoma, PTC tumors have significantly higher TAM densities.
[1]
(30)
[5] array · 2 items
[0]
• The expression of DCs MCs and macrophages in follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC) is higher than that in adenomas and may be involved in tumor development and invasion.
[1]
(31)
[6] array · 2 items
[0]
• TAM density is positively correlated with PTC stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastases.
[1]
(24, 29, 30, 32, 33)
[7] array · 2 items
[0]
• In diffuse sclerosing variants of PTC (DSV-PTC), M2 TAMs are associated with lymphatic invasion.
[1]
(34)
[8] array · 2 items
[0]
• CXCL16 signaling mediates the effect of macrophages on PTC tumor cell invasion and changes the macrophage phenotype to M2 TAMs in the PTC microenvironment.
[1]
(35)
[9] array · 2 items
[0]
• In DTCs, TAMs are positively correlated with reduced tumor sizes and a favorable prognosis.
[1]
(26)
[10] array · 3 items
[0]
[1]
• High TAM density in PTC is associated with poor survival.
[2]
(28)
[11] array · 3 items
[0]
DCs
[1]
• DCs are higher in papillary cancer tissues than in normal thyroid tissues, adenomas and other thyroid tumors.
[2]
(36–31)
[12] array · 2 items
[0]
• Immature DCs (iDCs) in PTC are difficult to induce T cell and NK cell-mediated responses, and they can even suppress immune responses by producing suppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β.
[1]
(37)
[13] array · 2 items
[0]
• Tregs and pDCs together help tumor escape in patients with PTC plus nontoxic goiter (MNG).
[1]
(38)
[14] array · 2 items
[0]
• The expression of DCs, MCs, and macrophages in FVPTC is higher than that in adenomas and may be involved in tumor development and invasion.
[1]
(31)
[15] array · 2 items
[0]
• High CD1a+ DC density is associated with improved disease-free survival (DFS) of PTC.
[1]
(39)
[16] array · 2 items
[0]
• There is no significant correlation between DC density and DFS.
[1]
(36)
[17] array · 2 items
[0]
• DC immunotherapy can be used in patients with papillary or follicular TC without significant side effects.
[1]
(40)
[18] array · 3 items
[0]
MCs
[1]
• MCs are recruited into PTC and promote the proliferation, survival and invasion of cancer cells, thereby promoting the growth and aggressiveness of PTC.
[2]
(41)
[19] array · 2 items
[0]
• Increased MC density in TC correlates with increased aggressiveness.
[1]
(42)
[20] array · 3 items
[0]
Neutrophils
[1]
• NLR is not significantly increased in patients with PTC.
[2]
(43)
[21] array · 2 items
[0]
• NLR significantly increased in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) and TC patients.
[1]
(44)
[22] array · 2 items
[0]
• TC cells can recruit neutrophils by releasing CXCL8/IL-8. Additionally, in human TC samples, neutrophil density is related to tumor size and has a potential tumor-promoting effect.
[1]
(45)
[23] array · 2 items
[0]
• Elevated neutrophils in PTC can predict bilaterality and lymph node metastasis.
[1]
(46)
[24] array · 2 items
[0]
• Elevated NLR does not appear to be a reliable indicator of DTC progression.
[1]
(47)
[25] array · 2 items
[0]
• With the increase in the NLR value of PTC, the histopathological characteristics become worse and the clinical behavior becomes more aggressive.
[1]
(48–49)
[26] array · 2 items
[0]
• There is no significant association between preoperative NLR and prognostic factors in patients with PTC.
[1]
(48, 50),
[27] array · 2 items
[0]
• Elevated NLR is associated with a high risk of relapse. After treatment, those patients with low stage and good prognosis of DTC were observed to have a significant decrease in NLR.
[1]
(51–53),
[28] array · 2 items
[0]
• Higher NLR is associated with higher thyroglobulin levels in DTC, which indicates poorer survival.
[1]
(54)
[29] array · 3 items
[0]
NK cells
[1]
• Compared with goiter and healthy thyroid, tumor-infiltrating NK cells increase in PTC, while no differences are found in peripheral blood NK cells.
[2]
(55–57),
[30] array · 2 items
[0]
• In PTC patients, NK cell infiltration is inversely related to the stage of the disease and plays a role of immune surveillance center by killing cancer cells.
[1]
(56, 58–60),
[31] array · 3 items
[0]
T cells
[1]
• In PTC, CD8+ T cells kill tumor cells through cytotoxicity and are negatively related to tumor size and lymph node metastasis.
[2]
(26, 60–62),
[32] array · 2 items
[0]
• In PTC patients, CD8+ T cell infiltration is positively correlated with better prognosis.
[1]
(26, 62, 63),
[33] array · 2 items
[0]
• A study in patients with DTC showed that the combination of CD8+ cells enrichment and Cox-2 overexpression correlates with the highest risk of disease recurrence.
[1]
(64)
[34] array · 2 items
[0]
• In human PTC, lymphocyte density is associated with improved overall survival and reduced relapse.
[1]
(65, 66),
[35] array · 2 items
[0]
• In terms of CD4+ cell frequency, no difference was found between PTC and MNG patients.
[1]
(38)
[36] array · 2 items
[0]
• In DTC, the extent of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ cells does not seem to predict the patient’s prognosis.
[1]
(64)
[37] array · 2 items
[0]
• Compared with patients with thyroid adenoma, PTC patients have significantly increased CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood.
[1]
(67)
[38] array · 2 items
[0]
• Increased Treg infiltration is positively correlated with advanced PTC.
[1]
(58–68)
[39] array · 2 items
[0]
• FoxP3 expression in PTC is associated with extrathyroidal invasion and distant metastasis but has nothing to do with overall survival.
[1]
(69)
[40] array · 2 items
[0]
• Compared with healthy controls, Th17 levels in the peripheral blood and tissue samples of patients with PTC increased, and Th17 cells in the peripheral blood were negatively correlated with tumor size.
[1]
(70)
locator
section[17]/table-wrap[1]#T1
[10] object · 16 fields
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Comparison of the clinical parameters between the H-immunity and L-immunity groups in PTC.
structure object · 5 fields
pmcid
PMC7642595
section_index
22
section_title
Comparison of Clinical Characteristics Between the H-Immunity and L-Immunity Groups
row_count
44
column_count
4
table object · 8 fields
label
Table 2
caption
Comparison of the clinical parameters between the H-immunity and L-immunity groups in PTC.
rows array · 44 items
[0] array · 4 items
[0]
Clinical parameters
[1]
H-immunity (n = 293, %)
[2]
L-immunity (n = 209, %)
[3]
p-value
[1] array · 4 items
[0]
Age (y)
[1]
[2]
[3]
[2] array · 4 items
[0]
<55
[1]
199 (67.9)
[2]
136 (65.1)
[3]
0.505
[3] array · 3 items
[0]
≥55
[1]
94 (32.1)
[2]
73 (34.9)
[4] array · 4 items
[0]
Gender
[1]
[2]
[3]
[5] array · 4 items
[0]
Female
[1]
215 (73.4)
[2]
152 (72.7)
[3]
0.871
[6] array · 3 items
[0]
Male
[1]
78 (26.6)
[2]
57 (27.3)
[7] array · 4 items
[0]
Stage
[1]
[2]
[3]
[8] array · 4 items
[0]
I
[1]
161 (54.9)
[2]
120 (58.0)
[3]
0.001
[9] array · 3 items
[0]
II
[1]
19 (6.5)
[2]
33 (15.9)
[10] array · 3 items
[0]
III
[1]
76 (25.9)
[2]
36 (17.4)
[11] array · 3 items
[0]
IV
[1]
37 (12.6)
[2]
18 (8.7)
[12] array · 4 items
[0]
NA
[1]
0
[2]
2
[3]
[13] array · 4 items
[0]
Metastasis
[1]
[2]
[3]
[14] array · 4 items
[0]
M0
[1]
184 (97.9)
[2]
98 (95.1)
[3]
0.199
[15] array · 3 items
[0]
M1
[1]
4 (2.1)
[2]
5 (4.9)
[16] array · 4 items
[0]
NA
[1]
105
[2]
106
[3]
[17] array · 4 items
[0]
N classification
[1]
[2]
[3]
[18] array · 4 items
[0]
N0
[1]
123 (43.9)
[2]
106 (61.6)
[3]
<0.001
[19] array · 3 items
[0]
N1
[1]
157 (56.1)
[2]
66 (38.4)
[20] array · 4 items
[0]
NA
[1]
13
[2]
37
[3]
[21] array · 4 items
[0]
T classification
[1]
[2]
[3]
[22] array · 4 items
[0]
T1
[1]
87 (29.8)
[2]
56 (26.9)
[3]
0.018
[23] array · 3 items
[0]
T2
[1]
80 (27.4)
[2]
84 (40.4)
[24] array · 3 items
[0]
T3
[1]
109 (37.3)
[2]
61 (29.3)
[25] array · 3 items
[0]
T4
[1]
16 (5.5)
[2]
7 (3.4)
[26] array · 4 items
[0]
NA
[1]
1
[2]
1
[3]
[27] array · 4 items
[0]
Radiation therapy
[1]
[2]
[3]
[28] array · 4 items
[0]
Yes
[1]
175 (62.7)
[2]
130 (64.0)
[3]
0.767
[29] array · 3 items
[0]
No
[1]
104 (37.3)
[2]
73 (36.0)
[30] array · 4 items
[0]
NA
[1]
14
[2]
6
[3]
[31] array · 4 items
[0]
Pathological type
[1]
[2]
[3]
[32] array · 4 items
[0]
Classical
[1]
231 (78.8)
[2]
125 (59.8)
[3]
<0.001
[33] array · 3 items
[0]
Follicular
[1]
23 (7.8)
[2]
78 (37.3)
[34] array · 3 items
[0]
Tall cell
[1]
35 (11.9)
[2]
1 (0.5)
[35] array · 3 items
[0]
Other
[1]
4 (1.4)
[2]
5 (2.4)
[36] array · 4 items
[0]
BRAF
[1]
[2]
[3]
[37] array · 4 items
[0]
Wild-type
[1]
63 (22.4)
[2]
132 (65.7)
[3]
<0.001
[38] array · 3 items
[0]
Mutated
[1]
218 (77.6)
[2]
69 (34.3)
[39] array · 4 items
[0]
NA
[1]
12
[2]
8
[3]
[40] array · 4 items
[0]
RAS
[1]
[2]
[3]
[41] array · 4 items
[0]
Wild-type
[1]
275 (97.9)
[2]
147 (73.1)
[3]
<0.001
[42] array · 3 items
[0]
Mutated
[1]
6 (2.1)
[2]
54 (26.9)
[43] array · 4 items
[0]
NA
[1]
12
[2]
8
[3]
locator
section[22]/table-wrap[1]#T2
gaps array · 16 items
[0]
asset:data:geo:GSE27155 not downloaded
[1]
asset:data:geo:GSE27155 licence not read
[2]
asset:data:geo:GSE33630 not downloaded
[3]
asset:data:geo:GSE33630 licence not read
[4]
asset:data:geo:GSE3467 not downloaded
[5]
asset:data:geo:GSE3467 licence not read
[6]
asset:data:geo:GSE3678 not downloaded
[7]
asset:data:geo:GSE3678 licence not read
[8]
asset:data:geo:GSE50901 not downloaded
[9]
asset:data:geo:GSE50901 licence not read
[10]
asset:data:geo:GSE53157 not downloaded
[11]
asset:data:geo:GSE53157 licence not read
[12]
asset:data:geo:GSE5364 not downloaded
[13]
asset:data:geo:GSE5364 licence not read
[14]
asset:data:geo:GSE58545 not downloaded
[15]
asset:data:geo:GSE58545 licence not read
analysis object · 4 fields
state
partial
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[0] object · 10 fields
id
method-1
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group_comparison
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mann_whitney
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Group comparison
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missing_operations array · 1 item
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group_comparison_mann_whitney
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false
parameters object · 0 fields
data_shapes array · 1 item
[0]
two_or_more_groups_continuous
evidence object · 3 fields
score
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band
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quote
Mann-Whitney
[1] object · 10 fields
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method-2
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survival_analysis
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log_rank_test
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Survival analysis
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[0]
logrank_test
missing_operations array · 0 items
parameters object · 0 fields
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time_to_event_with_censoring
evidence object · 3 fields
score
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band
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quote
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method-3
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principal_component_analysis
specific
pca
label
Principal component analysis
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[0]
pca_fit
missing_operations array · 0 items
parameters object · 0 fields
data_shapes array · 1 item
[0]
wide_numeric_matrix
evidence object · 3 fields
score
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band
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quote
principal component analysis
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id
method-4
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network_analysis
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ppi_network
label
Network / pathway analysis
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[0]
build_graph
[1]
centrality_scores
[2]
pathway_enrich
missing_operations array · 0 items
parameters object · 0 fields
data_shapes array · 1 item
[0]
edge_list
evidence object · 3 fields
score
0.8
band
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quote
PPI
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id
method-5
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network_analysis
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Network / pathway analysis
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pathway_enrich
missing_operations array · 0 items
parameters object · 0 fields
data_shapes array · 1 item
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edge_list
evidence object · 3 fields
score
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band
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quote
pathway enrichment
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id
method-6
family
contingency_analysis
specific
chi_square
label
Categorical (contingency table) analysis
dsl_operations array · 1 item
[0]
chi_square_test
missing_operations array · 0 items
parameters object · 0 fields
data_shapes array · 1 item
[0]
categorical_cross_tabulation
evidence object · 3 fields
score
0.8
band
high
quote
chi-square
targets array · 0 items
gaps array · 1 item
[0]
method.group_comparison_mann_whitney
capability object · 3 fields
state
complete
requirements array · 1 item
[0] object · 6 fields
capability_id
capability:computational_analysis
label
Computational analysis platform
assay_families array · 9 items
[0]
meta_analysis
[1]
machine_learning
[2]
survival_analysis
[3]
statistical_regression
[4]
pca
[5]
molecular_docking
[6]
network_analysis
[7]
differential_expression
[8]
gwas
candidate
Automated Assays Laravel application and simulated adapters
gaps array · 0 items
readiness object · 8 fields
state
complete
tier
R1
blocked_on
nothing:replicable_now
axes object · 3 fields
method object · 5 fields
tier
R1
expressible
false
required_operations array · 0 items
missing_operations array · 1 item
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group_comparison_mann_whitney
basis
The paper names the method it used and the corpus's method extractor maps it onto the DSL catalogue: mann_whitney.
capability object · 4 fields
tier
R1
capability_id
capability:computational_analysis
availability_state
owned
basis
The computational analysis is owned. The physical bench the paper used is not, so a physical validation cannot be run here.
data object · 6 fields
tier
R1
reachable
true
accessions array · 9 items
[0]
GSE3467
[1]
GSE3678
[2]
GSE5364
[3]
GSE27155
[4]
GSE33630
[5]
GSE50901
[6]
GSE53157
[7]
GSE58545
[8]
and GSE60542
resolved_accessions array · 8 items
[0]
GSE3467
[1]
GSE3678
[2]
GSE5364
[3]
GSE27155
[4]
GSE33630
[5]
GSE50901
[6]
GSE53157
[7]
GSE58545
statements array · 1 item
[0]
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Materials , further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
basis
The paper names GSE3467, GSE3678, GSE5364, GSE27155, GSE33630, GSE50901, GSE53157, GSE58545 in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the accession resolves in the repository. No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read.
can_run object · 3 fields
dsl_operations array · 0 items
assets array · 4 items
[0]
source:pmid:33193087
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data:geo:GSE27155
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asset:table:pmid:33193087:1
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asset:table:pmid:33193087:2
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must_build object · 5 fields
dsl_operations array · 1 item
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operation
group_comparison_mann_whitney
priority
null
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readers array · 0 items
capabilities array · 0 items
data_gaps array · 1 item
[0]
data:geo:GSE27155
gaps array · 0 items
review object · 5 fields
state
partial
machine_critique object · 5 fields
kind
extraction_review
reader object · 5 fields
model
MiniMax-M3.1-Flash
provider
minimax
provider_family
minimax
read_at
2026-10-31T19:15:42Z
independence
single_reader
evidence_check object · 2 fields
method
absent
availability
verbatim
calls
3
usage object · 3 fields
prompt_tokens
51435
completion_tokens
1951
cached_tokens
784
stages array · 1 item
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id
extraction
state
complete
reader
MiniMax-M3.1-Flash
provider
minimax
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review.independent_reader
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review.machine_critique
[2]
review.human_critique
execution object · 5 fields
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absent
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not_run
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null
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gaps array · 1 item
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execution.not_run
provenance object · 7 fields
entities array · 3 items
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id
pmid:33193087
type
paper
label
pmid:33193087
[1] object · 3 fields
id
source:pmid:33193087
type
manuscript
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PMID 33193087 full text
[2] object · 3 fields
id
data:geo:GSE27155
type
dataset
label
GEO GSE27155
activities array · 3 items
[0] object · 4 fields
id
activity-reading-sci-2026-11-01
type
classification
used array · 3 items
[0] object · 3 fields
id
pmid:33193087
type
paper
label
pmid:33193087
[1] object · 3 fields
id
source:pmid:33193087
type
manuscript
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PMID 33193087 full text
[2] object · 3 fields
id
data:geo:GSE27155
type
dataset
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GEO GSE27155
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agent:corpus-assay-engine
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activity-read-33193087
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used array · 1 item
[0]
source:pmid:33193087
agent
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id
activity-resolve-GSE27155
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used array · 1 item
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data:geo:GSE27155
agent
agent:corpus-assay-engine
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type
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source_run_id
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dsl_catalogue_fingerprint
343fb30756ba6ec3
capability_table_fingerprint
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lineage object · 4 fields
parent_id
pmid:33193087
parent_hash
sha256:ef5259924577c30ecf72106ee02de7bc630dd9a8252f9444a1c78688d733560f
fork_of
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gaps array · 22 items
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asset:data:geo:GSE27155 licence not read
[1]
asset:data:geo:GSE27155 not downloaded
[2]
asset:data:geo:GSE33630 licence not read
[3]
asset:data:geo:GSE33630 not downloaded
[4]
asset:data:geo:GSE3467 licence not read
[5]
asset:data:geo:GSE3467 not downloaded
[6]
asset:data:geo:GSE3678 licence not read
[7]
asset:data:geo:GSE3678 not downloaded
[8]
asset:data:geo:GSE50901 licence not read
[9]
asset:data:geo:GSE50901 not downloaded
[10]
asset:data:geo:GSE53157 licence not read
[11]
asset:data:geo:GSE53157 not downloaded
[12]
asset:data:geo:GSE5364 licence not read
[13]
asset:data:geo:GSE5364 not downloaded
[14]
asset:data:geo:GSE58545 licence not read
[15]
asset:data:geo:GSE58545 not downloaded
[16]
execution.not_run
[17]
method.group_comparison_mann_whitney
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review.human_critique
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review.independent_reader
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rna_seq
definition_version
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assay_lexicon
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confidence
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Materials and Methods Materials The RNA-seq data (level-three, FPKM) of the thyroid carc
order_basis
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support_state
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assay_lexicon
99e1195c7d6f
confidence
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evidence array · 1 item
[0]
(https://xena.ucsc.edu/). The other nine PTC microarray datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expre
order_basis
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[2] object · 11 fields
role
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definition_id
group_comparison
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f2132e96ae6c7a4e
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f2132e96ae6c7a4e
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Complete file
{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:33193087", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 7, "content_hash": "sha256:ddafcc19c28c7560f528eaddb251229efea731ea50b0ae2d62415ccb9cbccf1f", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:41:15Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:02:31Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Immune Cell Confrontation in the Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Microenvironment.", "doi": "10.3389/fendo.2020.570604", "pmid": "33193087", "authors": ["Zhenyu Xie", "Xin Li", "Yuzhen He", "Song Wu", "Shiyue Wang", "Jianjian Sun", "Yuchen He", "Yu Lun", "Jian Zhang"], "journal": "Frontiers in endocrinology", "year": 2020, "abstract": "Background: Papillary thyroid cancer has been associated with chronic inflammation. A systematic understanding of immune cell infiltration in PTC is essential for subsequent immune research and new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.\nMethods: Three different algorithms, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), immune cell marker and CIBERSORT, were used to evaluate immune cell infiltration levels (abundance and proportion) in 10 data sets (The Cancer Genome Atlas [TCGA], GSE3467, GSE3678, GSE5364, GSE27155, GSE33630, GSE50901, GSE53157, GSE58545, and GSE60542; a total of 799 PTC and 194 normal thyroid samples). Consensus unsupervised clustering divided PTC patients into low-immunity and high-immunity groups. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to analyze the potential mechanisms causing differences in the immune response.\nResults: Compared with normal tissues, PTC tissues had a higher overall immune level and higher abundance levels and proportions of M2 macrophages, Tregs, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells (MCs), and M0 macrophages. Compared with early PTC, advanced PTC showed higher immune infiltration and higher abundance levels and proportions of M2 macrophages, Tregs, monocytes, neutrophils, DCs, MCs, and M0 macrophages. Compared to the low-immunity group, the high-immunity group exhibited more advanced stages, larger tumor sizes, greater lymph node metastases, higher tall-cell PTCs, lower follicular PTC proportions, more BRAF mutations, and fewer RAS mutations. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection was the most significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway for key module genes.\nConclusions: In human PTC, M2 macrophages, Tregs, monocytes, neutrophils, DCs, MCs, and M0 macrophages appear to play a tumor-promoting role, while M1 macrophages, CD8+ T cells, B cells, NK cells, and T follicular helper (TFH) cells (including eosinophils, γδ T cells, and Th17 cells with weak supporting evidence) appear to play an antitumor role. During the occurrence and development of PTC, the overall immune level was increased, and the abundance and proportion of tumor-promoting immune cells were significantly increased, indicating that immune escape had been aggravated. Finally, we speculate that EBV may play an important role in changing the immune microenvironment of PTC tumors.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Materials , further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:33193087", "locator": "sections[26] \"Data Availability Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Materials , further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "partial", "objective": null, "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:33193087"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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data", "References"], ["B cells", "• In DTCs, B cells were positively correlated with reduced tumor sizes.", "(26)"], ["TAMs", "• Macrophages are present in the immune environment of PTC and are significantly elevated in the BRAF V600E+ group.", "(27)"], ["• The density of macrophages in PTC tissues is significantly higher than that in normal tissues.", "(28, 29),"], ["• Compared with thyroid goiter and follicular adenoma, PTC tumors have significantly higher TAM densities.", "(30)"], ["• The expression of DCs MCs and macrophages in follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC) is higher than that in adenomas and may be involved in tumor development and invasion.", "(31)"], ["• TAM density is positively correlated with PTC stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastases.", "(24, 29, 30, 32, 33)"], ["• In diffuse sclerosing variants of PTC (DSV-PTC), M2 TAMs are associated with lymphatic invasion.", "(34)"], ["• CXCL16 signaling mediates the effect of macrophages on PTC tumor cell invasion and changes the macrophage phenotype to M2 TAMs in the PTC microenvironment.", "(35)"], ["• In DTCs, TAMs are positively correlated with reduced tumor sizes and a favorable prognosis.", "(26)"], ["", "• High TAM density in PTC is associated with poor survival.", "(28)"], ["DCs", "• DCs are higher in papillary cancer tissues than in normal thyroid tissues, adenomas and other thyroid tumors.", "(36–31)"], ["• Immature DCs (iDCs) in PTC are difficult to induce T cell and NK cell-mediated responses, and they can even suppress immune responses by producing suppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β.", "(37)"], ["• Tregs and pDCs together help tumor escape in patients with PTC plus nontoxic goiter (MNG).", "(38)"], ["• The expression of DCs, MCs, and macrophages in FVPTC is higher than that in adenomas and may be involved in tumor development and invasion.", "(31)"], ["• High CD1a+ DC density is associated with improved disease-free survival (DFS) of PTC.", "(39)"], ["• There is no significant correlation between DC density and DFS.", "(36)"], ["• DC immunotherapy can be used in patients with papillary or follicular TC without significant side effects.", "(40)"], ["MCs", "• MCs are recruited into PTC and promote the proliferation, survival and invasion of cancer cells, thereby promoting the growth and aggressiveness of PTC.", "(41)"], ["• Increased MC density in TC correlates with increased aggressiveness.", "(42)"], ["Neutrophils", "• NLR is not significantly increased in patients with PTC.", "(43)"], ["• NLR significantly increased in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) and TC patients.", "(44)"], ["• TC cells can recruit neutrophils by releasing CXCL8/IL-8. Additionally, in human TC samples, neutrophil density is related to tumor size and has a potential tumor-promoting effect.", "(45)"], ["• Elevated neutrophils in PTC can predict bilaterality and lymph node metastasis.", "(46)"], ["• Elevated NLR does not appear to be a reliable indicator of DTC progression.", "(47)"], ["• With the increase in the NLR value of PTC, the histopathological characteristics become worse and the clinical behavior becomes more aggressive.", "(48–49)"], ["• There is no significant association between preoperative NLR and prognostic factors in patients with PTC.", "(48, 50),"], ["• Elevated NLR is associated with a high risk of relapse. After treatment, those patients with low stage and good prognosis of DTC were observed to have a significant decrease in NLR.", "(51–53),"], ["• Higher NLR is associated with higher thyroglobulin levels in DTC, which indicates poorer survival.", "(54)"], ["NK cells", "• Compared with goiter and healthy thyroid, tumor-infiltrating NK cells increase in PTC, while no differences are found in peripheral blood NK cells.", "(55–57),"], ["• In PTC patients, NK cell infiltration is inversely related to the stage of the disease and plays a role of immune surveillance center by killing cancer cells.", "(56, 58–60),"], ["T cells", "• In PTC, CD8+ T cells kill tumor cells through cytotoxicity and are negatively related to tumor size and lymph node metastasis.", "(26, 60–62),"], ["• In PTC patients, CD8+ T cell infiltration is positively correlated with better prognosis.", "(26, 62, 63),"], ["• A study in patients with DTC showed that the combination of CD8+ cells enrichment and Cox-2 overexpression correlates with the highest risk of disease recurrence.", "(64)"], ["• In human PTC, lymphocyte density is associated with improved overall survival and reduced relapse.", "(65, 66),"], ["• In terms of CD4+ cell frequency, no difference was found between PTC and MNG patients.", "(38)"], ["• In DTC, the extent of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ cells does not seem to predict the patient’s prognosis.", "(64)"], ["• Compared with patients with thyroid adenoma, PTC patients have significantly increased CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood.", "(67)"], ["• Increased Treg infiltration is positively correlated with advanced PTC.", "(58–68)"], ["• FoxP3 expression in PTC is associated with extrathyroidal invasion and distant metastasis but has nothing to do with overall survival.", "(69)"], ["• Compared with healthy controls, Th17 levels in the peripheral blood and tissue samples of patients with PTC increased, and Th17 cells in the peripheral blood were negatively correlated with tumor size.", "(70)"]], "row_count": 41, "column_count": 3, "numeric_cells": 47, "header_rows": 1, "locator": "section[17]/table-wrap[1]#T1"}}, {"id": "asset:table:pmid:33193087:2", "role": "table", "format": "jats-table", "media_type": "application/vnd.jats.table+json", "uri": null, "sha256": "sha256:7ed51c09c4f0f456b16662fdaa0f4339ad746c7774c946a436a792bfbad8ec15", "bytes": 1653, "access": "open", "state": "verified", "reader": "read_table", "reader_status": "available", "identifier": "section[22]/table-wrap[1]#T2", "version": null, "note": "Comparison of the clinical parameters between the H-immunity and L-immunity groups in PTC.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC7642595", "section_index": 22, "section_title": "Comparison of Clinical Characteristics Between the H-Immunity and L-Immunity Groups", "row_count": 44, "column_count": 4}, "table": {"label": "Table 2", "caption": "Comparison of the clinical parameters between the H-immunity and L-immunity groups in PTC.", "rows": 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