Identification of Genes with Altered Methylation and Its Role in Early Diagnosis of Sepsis-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:33536775", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 9, "content_hash": "sha256:e540e1b8a1d778f6eb7ff59c64c987c8d49de3630936f4743d86e56861ac5252", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:41:24Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:46:04Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Identification of Genes with Altered Methylation and Its Role in Early Diagnosis of Sepsis-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.", "doi": "10.2147/IJGM.S287960", "pmid": "33536775", "authors": ["Jihua Feng", "Jielong Pang", "Dan He", "Zimeng Wu", "Qian Li", "Pan Ji", "Cuiying He", "Zhimei Zhong", "Hongyuan Li", "Jianfeng Zhang"], "journal": "International journal of general medicine", "year": 2021, "abstract": "PURPOSE: Early diagnosis of sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is critical for effective treatment. We aimed to identify early stage biomarkers.\nMATERIALS AND METHODS: Differentially expressed genes were identified in whole blood samples from patients with sepsis or ARDS based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets GSE32707, GSE54514 and GSE10361. Functional enrichment analysis explored the biological characteristics of differentially expressed genes. Genes with high functional connectivity based on a protein-protein interaction network were marked as hub genes, which were validated using the GEO dataset GSE76293, and a gene set variation analysis index (GSVA) was assigned. Diagnostic and predictive ability of the hub genes were assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. DNA methylation levels of hub genes were quantified using the GEO dataset GSE67530.\nRESULTS: Forty-one differentially expressed genes were shared between sepsis-specific and ARDS-specific datasets. MAP2K2 and IRF7 functional activity was highly connected in sepsis-induced ARDS. Hub genes included RETN, MVP, DEFA4, CTSG, AZU1, FMNL1, RBBP7, POLD4, RIN3, IRF7. ROC curve analysis of the hub gene GSVA index showed good diagnostic ability in sepsis or ARDS. Among genes related to sepsis-induced ARDS, 17 were differentially methylated. Principal component analysis and heatmaps indicated that gene methylation patterns differed significantly between ARDS patients and controls.\nCONCLUSION: We identified a genetic profile specific to early-stage sepsis-induced ARDS. The abnormal expression of these genes may be caused by hypomethylation, which may serve as a biomarker for early diagnosis of ARDS.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The limma package in R was used to screen GSE32707, GSE10361 and GSE54514 datasets to identify genes differentially expressed among sepsis, ARDS and control samples.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:33536775", "locator": "sections[4] \"Differentially Expressed Gene Analysis (DEG)\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The limma package in R was used to screen GSE32707, GSE10361 and GSE54514 datasets to identify genes differentially expressed among sepsis, ARDS and control samples."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The GSE32707 gene expression profiles,19 obtained using the GPL10558 platform, contained 144 human blood samples, including 58 from patients with sepsis, 31 from patients with sepsis+ARDS, 21 from patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and 34 healthy controls.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:33536775", "locator": "sections[3] \"Data Preparation\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The GSE32707 gene expression profiles,19 obtained using the GPL10558 platform, contained 144 human blood samples, including 58 from patients with sepsis, 31 from patients with sepsis+ARDS, 21 from patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and 34 healthy controls."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": null, "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:33536775"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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