In Stallion Spermatozoa, Superoxide Dismutase (Cu-Zn) (SOD1) and the Aldo-Keto-Reductase Family 1 Member b (AKR1B1) Are the Proteins Most Significantly Reduced by Cryopreservation.

{"sci_version": "1.0", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:33656888", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 3, "content_hash": "sha256:ad0e0e65f2e1b1e966365c3be14c932d03ab38f256cb5a399e38f178d5776a9e", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:41:26Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T21:24:46Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "In Stallion Spermatozoa, Superoxide Dismutase (Cu-Zn) (SOD1) and the Aldo-Keto-Reductase Family 1 Member b (AKR1B1) Are the Proteins Most Significantly Reduced by Cryopreservation.", "doi": "10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00932", "pmid": "33656888", "authors": ["Gemma Gaitskell-Phillips", "Francisco E Martín-Cano", "José M Ortiz-Rodríguez", "Antonio Silva-Rodríguez", "Maria C Gil", "Cristina Ortega-Ferrusola", "Fernando J Peña"], "journal": "Journal of proteome research", "year": 2021, "abstract": "Although cryopreservation is widely used in animal breeding, the technique is still suboptimal. The population of spermatozoa surviving the procedure experiences changes attributed to alteration in their redox regulation. In order to expand our knowledge regarding this particular aspect, the proteome in fresh and frozen thawed aliquots of equine spermatozoa was studied to identify the proteins most severely affected by the procedure. If alteration of redox regulation is a major factor explaining cryodamage, proteins participating in redox regulation should be principally affected. Using a split sample design, 30 ejaculates from 10 different stallions were analyzed as fresh spermatozoa, and another aliquot from the same ejaculate was analyzed as a frozen thawed sample. The proteome was studied under both conditions using UHPLC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analysis conducted to identify discriminant variables between both conditions. Data are available through the ProteomeXchange Consortium with identifier PXD022236. The proteins most significantly reduced were Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B (p = 2.2 × 10-17) and Superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn) (p = 4.7 × 10-14). This is the first time that SOD1 has been identified as a discriminating variable using bioinformatic analysis, where it was one of the most highly significantly different proteins seen between fresh and frozen thawed semen. This finding strongly supports the theory that alteration in redox regulation and oxidative stress is a major factor involved in cryodamage and suggests that control of redox regulation should be a major target to improve current cryopreservation procedures.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Fresh and frozen thawed samples were compared using a two tailed Mann–Whitney test.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:33656888", "locator": "sections[18] \"Statistical Analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Fresh and frozen thawed samples were compared using a two tailed Mann–Whitney test."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "Data are available through the ProteomeXchange Consortium with identifier PXD022236.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:33656888", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "Data are available through the ProteomeXchange Consortium with identifier PXD022236."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": null, "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:33656888"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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