Circulating Exosomes Are Strongly Involved in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:33693030", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 6, "content_hash": "sha256:d848b62f07f42de779d04245641c467013a5f993deda3d66f7ac289f81d3c9c5", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:41:28Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T21:24:51Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Circulating Exosomes Are Strongly Involved in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.", "doi": "10.3389/fmolb.2021.632290", "pmid": "33693030", "authors": ["Elettra Barberis", "Virginia V Vanella", "Marco Falasca", "Valeria Caneapero", "Giuseppe Cappellano", "Davide Raineri", "Marco Ghirimoldi", "Veronica De Giorgis", "Chiara Puricelli", "Rosanna Vaschetto", "Pier Paolo Sainaghi", "Stefania Bruno", "Antonio Sica", "Umberto Dianzani", "Roberta Rolla", "Annalisa Chiocchetti", "Vincenzo Cantaluppi", "Gianluca Baldanzi", "Emilio Marengo", "Marcello Manfredi"], "journal": "Frontiers in molecular biosciences", "year": 2021, "abstract": "Knowledge of the host response to the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 remains limited, hindering the understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic strategies. During the course of a viral infection, host cells release exosomes and other extracellular vesicles carrying viral and host components that can modulate the immune response. The present study used a shotgun proteomic approach to map the host circulating exosomes' response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We investigated how SARS-CoV-2 infection modulates exosome content, exosomes' involvement in disease progression, and the potential use of plasma exosomes as biomarkers of disease severity. A proteomic analysis of patient-derived exosomes identified several molecules involved in the immune response, inflammation, and activation of the coagulation and complement pathways, which are the main mechanisms of COVID-19-associated tissue damage and multiple organ dysfunctions. In addition, several potential biomarkers-such as fibrinogen, fibronectin, complement C1r subcomponent and serum amyloid P-component-were shown to have a diagnostic feature presenting an area under the curve (AUC) of almost 1. Proteins correlating with disease severity were also detected. Moreover, for the first time, we identified the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the exosomal cargo, which suggests that the virus might use the endocytosis route to spread infection. Our findings indicate circulating exosomes' significant contribution to several processes-such as inflammation, coagulation, and immunomodulation-during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study's data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD021144.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Spearman correlations were performed, and only correlations with p < 0.05 were considered and shown in Supplementary Table S5–S9.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:33693030", "locator": "sections[9] \"2.7 Association of Exosome Cargo with Pathologically Relevant Clinical Indices\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Spearman correlations were performed, and only correlations with p < 0.05 were considered and shown in Supplementary Table S5–S9."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets G for this study can be found in the proteomexchange database Project accession: PXD021144.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:33693030", "locator": "sections[21] \"Data Availability Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets G for this study can be found in the proteomexchange database Project accession: PXD021144."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": null, "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:33693030"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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