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pmid:33869254

Three Immune-Related Prognostic mRNAs as Therapeutic Targets for Pancreatic Cancer.

Cangang Zhang · Yueji Zou · Yanan Zhu · Yi Liu · Hui Feng · Fan Niu · Pengcheng He · Haibo Liu

Frontiers in medicine · 2021 doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.649326

Paper

complete

Experiment

complete

Data

partial

Analysis

complete

Execution

absent

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Record details sci_version · id · kind · revision · content_hash · schema · created_at · updated_at · generator
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pmid:33869254
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science-record
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2026-11-01T15:41:32Z
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2026-11-01T22:46:32Z
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paper object · 10 fields
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title
Three Immune-Related Prognostic mRNAs as Therapeutic Targets for Pancreatic Cancer.
doi
10.3389/fmed.2021.649326
pmid
33869254
authors array · 8 items
[0]
Cangang Zhang
[1]
Yueji Zou
[2]
Yanan Zhu
[3]
Yi Liu
[4]
Hui Feng
[5]
Fan Niu
[6]
Pengcheng He
[7]
Haibo Liu
journal
Frontiers in medicine
year
2021
abstract
Objective: Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal malignancy globally. This study aimed to probe and validate immune-related prognostic mRNAs as therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer. Methods: Gene transcriptome data of pancreatic cancer and normal pancreas were retrieved from TCGA-GTEx projects. Two thousand four hundred and ninety-eight immune-related genes were obtained from the IMMUPORT database. Abnormally expressed immune-related genes were then identified. Under univariate and multivariate cox models, a gene signature was constructed. Its predictive efficacy was assessed via ROCs. The interactions between the 21 genes were analyzed by Spearson analysis and PPI network. Using the GEPIA and The Human Protein Atlas databases, their expression and prognostic value were evaluated. The TIMER database was utilized to determine the relationships between MET, OAS1, and OASL mRNAs and immune infiltrates. Finally, their mRNA expression was externally verified in the GSE15471 and GSE62452 datasets. Results: An immune-related 21-gene signature was developed for predicting patients' prognosis. Following verification, this signature exhibited the well predictive performance. There were physical and functional interactions between them. MET, OAS1, and OASL mRNAs were all up-regulated in pancreatic cancer and associated with unfavorable prognosis. They showed strong correlations with tumor progression. Furthermore, the three mRNAs were distinctly associated with immune infiltrates. Their up-regulation was confirmed in the two external datasets. Conclusion: These findings identified three immune-related prognostic mRNAs MET, OAS1, and OASL, which may assist clinicians to choose targets for immunotherapy and make personalized treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer patients.
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Gene transcriptome data of 165 normal pancreas samples from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and 178 pancreatic cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were downloaded based on the UCSC Xena browser (https://xenabrowser.net/datapages/). After merging gene matrix of GTEx and TCGA datasets based on the Ensembl IDs, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between pancreatic cancer and normal pancreas specimens were screened via the Linear Models for Microarray Data (limma) package in R (13).
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sections[3] "Downloaded Datasets" paragraph 2
quote
Gene transcriptome data of 165 normal pancreas samples from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and 178 pancreatic cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were downloaded based on the UCSC Xena browser (https://xenabrowser.net/datapages/).
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sections[4] "Screening for Abnormally Expressed Immune-Related Genes" paragraph 2
quote
After merging gene matrix of GTEx and TCGA datasets based on the Ensembl IDs, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between pancreatic cancer and normal pancreas specimens were screened via the Linear Models for Microarray Data (limma) package in R (13).
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The datasets generated for this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Materials.
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Whole-Tissue Gene Expression Study of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
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Microarray gene-expression profiles of 69 pancreatic tumors and 61 adjacent non-tumor tissue from patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
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Clinical features of 178 pancreatic cancer patients from TCGA database.
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Downloaded Datasets
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Clinical features of 178 pancreatic cancer patients from TCGA database.
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Multivariate cox regression analysis for 21 candidate genes in pancreatic cancer.
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Construction of a Prognostic Immune-Related Gene Signature for Pancreatic Cancer
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Multivariate cox regression analysis for 21 candidate genes in pancreatic cancer.
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section[13]/table-wrap[1]#T2
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quote
Gene transcriptome data of 165 normal pancreas samples from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and 178 pancreatic cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were downloaded based on the UCSC Xena browser (https://xenabrowser.net/datapages/). After merging gene matrix of GTEx and TCGA datasets based on the Ensembl IDs, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between pancreatic cancer and normal pancreas specimens were screened via the Linear Models for Microarray Data (limma) package in R (13).
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evidence object · 3 fields
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Automated Assays Laravel application and simulated adapters
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The datasets generated for this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Materials.
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The paper names GSE15471, GSE62452 in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the accession resolves in the repository. No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read.
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minimax
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Gene transcriptome data of 165 normal pancreas samples from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and 178 pancreatic cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were downloaded based on the UCSC Xena browser (https://xenabrowser.net/datapages/). After merging gene matrix of GTEx and TCGA datasets based on the Ensembl IDs, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between pancreatic cancer and normal pancreas specimens were screened via the Linear Models for Microarray Data (limma) package in R (13).
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{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:33869254", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 8, "content_hash": "sha256:1fb3a4b1181d79390289ef5cff1c2d702d12c5c20b3a5bd41c4a7964e48d2556", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:41:32Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:46:32Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Three Immune-Related Prognostic mRNAs as Therapeutic Targets for Pancreatic Cancer.", "doi": "10.3389/fmed.2021.649326", "pmid": "33869254", "authors": ["Cangang Zhang", "Yueji Zou", "Yanan Zhu", "Yi Liu", "Hui Feng", "Fan Niu", "Pengcheng He", "Haibo Liu"], "journal": "Frontiers in medicine", "year": 2021, "abstract": "Objective: Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal malignancy globally. This study aimed to probe and validate immune-related prognostic mRNAs as therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer. Methods: Gene transcriptome data of pancreatic cancer and normal pancreas were retrieved from TCGA-GTEx projects. Two thousand four hundred and ninety-eight immune-related genes were obtained from the IMMUPORT database. Abnormally expressed immune-related genes were then identified. Under univariate and multivariate cox models, a gene signature was constructed. Its predictive efficacy was assessed via ROCs. The interactions between the 21 genes were analyzed by Spearson analysis and PPI network. Using the GEPIA and The Human Protein Atlas databases, their expression and prognostic value were evaluated. The TIMER database was utilized to determine the relationships between MET, OAS1, and OASL mRNAs and immune infiltrates. Finally, their mRNA expression was externally verified in the GSE15471 and GSE62452 datasets. Results: An immune-related 21-gene signature was developed for predicting patients' prognosis. Following verification, this signature exhibited the well predictive performance. There were physical and functional interactions between them. MET, OAS1, and OASL mRNAs were all up-regulated in pancreatic cancer and associated with unfavorable prognosis. They showed strong correlations with tumor progression. Furthermore, the three mRNAs were distinctly associated with immune infiltrates. Their up-regulation was confirmed in the two external datasets. 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"reader_status": "available", "identifier": "section[13]/table-wrap[1]#T2", "version": null, "note": "Multivariate cox regression analysis for 21 candidate genes in pancreatic cancer.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC8047149", "section_index": 13, "section_title": "Construction of a Prognostic Immune-Related Gene Signature for Pancreatic Cancer", "row_count": 22, "column_count": 6}, "table": {"label": "Table 2", "caption": "Multivariate cox regression analysis for 21 candidate genes in pancreatic cancer.", "rows": [["ID", "Coefficients", "Risk ratio", "95% low", "95% high", "P"], ["B2M", "−0.84756", "0.42846", "0.269333", "0.681603", "0.000346"], ["PI3", "0.126991", "1.135407", "1.003735", "1.284353", "0.043462"], ["CXCL9", "0.484476", "1.623325", "1.293371", "2.037454", "2.93E−05"], ["TMSB10", "0.359616", "1.43278", "0.933127", "2.199975", "0.100254"], ["LCN2", "0.178297", "1.19518", "1.01854", "1.402454", "0.028882"], ["S100A16", "0.873443", "2.395142", "1.571083", "3.651434", "4.91E−05"], ["OASL", "0.511952", "1.668545", "1.105363", "2.518668", "0.014819"], ["PTGS2", "0.242464", "1.274385", "1.025728", "1.583322", "0.028572"], ["OAS1", "0.411634", "1.509282", "0.980257", "2.323809", "0.061566"], ["LTBP1", "0.566777", "1.762578", "1.172497", "2.649628", "0.006428"], ["PLAUR", "−1.28398", "0.276934", "0.146236", "0.524442", "8.11E−05"], ["AGT", "−0.36056", "0.697283", "0.545836", "0.890749", "0.003902"], ["AREG", "0.340822", "1.406103", "1.086432", "1.819832", "0.0096"], ["CMTM6", "−0.64978", "0.522162", "0.291347", "0.935836", "0.029056"], ["HBEGF", "0.51271", "1.669811", "1.177601", "2.367752", "0.004009"], ["SPP1", "0.21316", "1.237583", "1.050946", "1.457366", "0.010596"], ["IL22RA1", "0.170068", "1.185385", "0.937948", "1.498097", "0.154535"], ["MET", "0.82481", "2.281447", "1.443826", "3.605005", "0.00041"], ["NRP2", "−0.59908", "0.549317", "0.341531", "0.88352", "0.013485"], ["SDC4", "−0.62306", "0.536299", "0.36083", "0.797097", "0.002059"], ["PAK3", "0.669971", "1.95418", "1.058236", "3.608666", "0.032287"]], "row_count": 22, "column_count": 6, "numeric_cells": 110, "header_rows": 1, "locator": "section[13]/table-wrap[1]#T2"}}], "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE15471 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE15471 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE62452 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE62452 licence not read"]}, "analysis": {"state": "complete", "methods": [{"id": "method-1", "family": "differential_expression", "specific": "limma_voom", "label": "Differential expression analysis", "dsl_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["count_matrix_with_condition"], "evidence": {"score": 1.0, "band": "reordered", "quote": "Gene transcriptome data of 165 normal pancreas samples from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and 178 pancreatic cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were downloaded based on the UCSC Xena browser (https://xenabrowser.net/datapages/). After merging gene matrix of GTEx and TCGA datasets based on the Ensembl IDs, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between pancreatic cancer and normal pancreas specimens were screened via the Linear Models for Microarray Data (limma) package in R (13)."}}, {"id": "method-2", "family": "correlation_analysis", "specific": "spearman", "label": "Correlation analysis", "dsl_operations": ["spearman_rho"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["paired_numeric_columns"], "evidence": {"score": 0.8, "band": "high", "quote": "Spearman correlation"}}, {"id": "method-3", "family": "network_analysis", "specific": "ppi_network", "label": "Network / pathway analysis", "dsl_operations": ["build_graph", "centrality_scores", "pathway_enrich"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["edge_list"], "evidence": {"score": 0.7, "band": "medium", "quote": "PPI"}}], "targets": [], "gaps": []}, "capability": {"state": "complete", "requirements": [{"capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "label": "Computational analysis platform", "assay_families": ["meta_analysis", "machine_learning", "survival_analysis", "statistical_regression", "pca", "molecular_docking", "network_analysis", "differential_expression", "gwas"], "availability_state": "owned", "tier_unlocked": "R1", "candidate": "Automated Assays Laravel application and simulated adapters"}], "gaps": []}, "readiness": {"state": "complete", "tier": "R1", "blocking_axis": "none", "blocked_on": "nothing:replicable_now", "axes": {"method": {"tier": "R1", "expressible": true, "required_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "missing_operations": [], "basis": "The paper names the method it used and the corpus's method extractor maps it onto the DSL catalogue: limma_voom."}, "capability": {"tier": "R1", "capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "availability_state": "owned", "basis": "The computational analysis is owned. The physical bench the paper used is not, so a physical validation cannot be run here."}, "data": {"tier": "R1", "reachable": true, "accessions": ["GSE15471", "GSE62452"], "resolved_accessions": ["GSE15471", "GSE62452"], "statements": ["The datasets generated for this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Materials."], "basis": "The paper names GSE15471, GSE62452 in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the accession resolves in the repository. No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read."}}, "can_run": {"dsl_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "assets": ["source:pmid:33869254", "data:geo:GSE15471", "asset:table:pmid:33869254:1", "asset:table:pmid:33869254:2"], "steps": ["run_analysis"]}, "must_build": {"dsl_operations": [], "converters": [], "readers": [], "capabilities": [], "data_gaps": ["data:geo:GSE15471"]}, "gaps": []}, "review": {"state": "partial", "machine_critique": {"kind": "extraction_review", "reader": {"model": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax", "provider_family": "minimax", "read_at": "2026-10-31T18:29:38Z", "independence": "single_reader"}, "evidence_check": {"method": "reordered", "availability": "verbatim"}, "calls": 3, "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 21002, "completion_tokens": 3103, "cached_tokens": 776}}, "human_critique": null, "stages": [{"id": "extraction", "state": "complete", "reader": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax"}], "gaps": ["review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique", "review.human_critique"]}, "execution": {"state": "absent", "status": "not_run", "mode": null, "runs": [], "gaps": ["execution.not_run"]}, "provenance": {"entities": [{"id": "pmid:33869254", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:33869254"}, {"id": "source:pmid:33869254", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 33869254 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE15471", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE15471"}], "activities": [{"id": "activity-reading-sci-2026-11-01", "type": "classification", "used": [{"id": "pmid:33869254", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:33869254"}, {"id": "source:pmid:33869254", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 33869254 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE15471", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE15471"}], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}, {"id": "activity-read-33869254", "type": "extraction", "used": ["source:pmid:33869254"], "agent": "agent:minimax-reader"}, {"id": "activity-resolve-GSE15471", "type": "accession_resolution", "used": ["data:geo:GSE15471"], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}], "agents": [{"id": "agent:corpus-assay-engine", "type": "software", "label": "Corpus assay engine"}, {"id": "agent:minimax-reader", "type": "software", "label": "MiniMax literature reader"}], "source_run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01", "dsl_catalogue_fingerprint": "343fb30756ba6ec3", "capability_table_fingerprint": "2cb3e42f047d2ecf", "snapshot_id": "ba34b49490d9bfaf"}, "lineage": {"parent_id": "pmid:33869254", "parent_hash": "sha256:748f00f02590ded66ab2e6bf5350eab87e7e12af0725a7d390f9bea4416e4f4a", "fork_of": null, "generation": 7}, "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE15471 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE15471 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE62452 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE62452 not downloaded", "execution.not_run", "review.human_critique", "review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique"], "assays": [{"role": "analysis", "definition_id": "differential_expression", "definition_version": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "support_state": "supported", "source_hashes": {"dsl_catalogue": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e"}, "confidence": 1.0, "evidence": ["Gene transcriptome data of 165 normal pancreas samples from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and 178 pancreatic cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were downloaded based on the UCSC Xena browser (https://xenabrowser.net/datapages/). After merging gene matrix of GTEx and TCGA datasets based on the Ensembl IDs, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between pancreatic cancer and normal pancreas specimens were screened via the Linear Models for Microarray Data (limma) package in R (13)."], "order_basis": "analysis_only", "id": "assay:1"}]}