Neuromedin U and neurotensin may promote the development of the tumour microenvironment in neuroblastoma.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:34141479", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 8, "content_hash": "sha256:55fd265df1f41b0c21c72f6f17702fd6f34416249c113aeb962a2a9e01c0e383", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:41:39Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:46:53Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Neuromedin U and neurotensin may promote the development of the tumour microenvironment in neuroblastoma.", "doi": "10.7717/peerj.11512", "pmid": "34141479", "authors": ["Daheng Yang", "Xianwei Zhang", "Zheqian Li", "Fei Xu", "Chenjie Tang", "Hongbing Chen"], "journal": "PeerJ", "year": 2021, "abstract": "Stage 4S neuroblastoma, as defined by the International Neuroblastoma Staging System committee (INSS), is known to regress spontaneously and have a more favourable outcome compared with stage 4 tumours. Comparing the molecular differences between these two stages may provide insights into the progression of neuroblastoma. Our study aimed to explore the molecular differences in the tumour microenvironment (TME) between INSS stage 4S and stage 4 tumours to provide an insight into the mechanisms underlying the biological processes of neuroblastoma. We downloaded the datasets GSE120572 and GSE73517 from the GEO database and pre-processed them using the limma package. CIBERSORT deconvolution agorithm was applied to analyse the differences in 22 infiltrating immune leukocyte subsets between the two stages. We used gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis to determine the biological process (BP) annotation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the online WebGestalt tool. Hub genes were determined in the STRING database and Cytoscape, and the expression of these genes was verified in the Oncomine database. Then these critical genes were performed survival analysis in TARGET database. We further validated the hub genes using a transwell assay and wound healing assay to detect the function of the genes in the neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-BE(2). GO analysis revealed that the 216 DEGs between stage 4S and stage 4 were enriched in aggressive biological processes. Neuromedin U (NMU) and neurotensin (NTS), which were significantly associated with patients' overall survival rate, were verified to be elevated in stage 4, and to promote the proliferation and invasion of the SK-N-BE(2) cell. Tumour infiltrating leukocyte analysis showed a high infiltration of regulatory T cells and type 2 tumour-associated macrophages in stage 4 but not in stage 4S. Results of gene co-expression correlation, and the results of previous studies, suggest that NMU and NTS may play certain roles in modulating TME, thus facilitating the progression of neuroblastoma.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) located between stage 4S and stage 4 were analysed based on Bayes’ test using the limma package and Pvalues were adjusted using the FDR method.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34141479", "locator": "sections[4] \"Statistical methods\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) located between stage 4S and stage 4 were analysed based on Bayes’ test using the limma package and Pvalues were adjusted using the FDR method."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "Data AvailabilityThe following information was supplied regarding data availability:The datasets generated and analyzed are available at Figshare: Yang, Daheng (2021): Neuromedin U and neurotensin may promote the development of the tumour microenvironment in neuroblastoma. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14554089.v1.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34141479", "locator": "sections[24] \"Additional Information and Declarations\" paragraph 5", "quote": "Data AvailabilityThe following information was supplied regarding data availability:The datasets generated and analyzed are available at Figshare: Yang, Daheng (2021): Neuromedin U and neurotensin may promote the development of the tumour microenvironment in neuroblastoma. figshare. 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The cells were cultured in F12k & MEM (v/v = 1:1) medium with 10% fetal", "n in 5% atmospheric CO2 at 37 °C. Cells were cultured in 6-well plates with 2.5 × 105 cells/well."], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:2880", "id": "assay:1"}, {"role": "analysis", "definition_id": "differential_expression", "definition_version": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "support_state": "supported", "source_hashes": {"dsl_catalogue": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e"}, "confidence": 1.0, "evidence": ["The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) located between stage 4S and stage 4 were analysed based on Bayes’ test using the limma package and Pvalues were adjusted using the FDR method."], "order_basis": "consumes_earlier_output", "id": "assay:2"}]}