Declined expressions of vast mitochondria-related genes represented by CYCS and transcription factor ESRRA in skeletal muscle aging.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:34229541", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 7, "content_hash": "sha256:f69f179e56f05002f91bad8b9759ef9200a7e99a93a370ac683597fb51ad825e", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:41:42Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:04:08Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Declined expressions of vast mitochondria-related genes represented by CYCS and transcription factor ESRRA in skeletal muscle aging.", "doi": "10.1080/21655979.2021.1948951", "pmid": "34229541", "authors": ["Jingbao Kan", "Yifang Hu", "Yaoqi Ge", "WenSong Zhang", "Shan Lu", "Cuiping Zhao", "Rihua Zhang", "Yun Liu"], "journal": "Bioengineered", "year": 2021, "abstract": "Age-related skeletal muscle deterioration (sarcopenia) has a significant effect on the elderly's health and quality of life, but the molecular and gene regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. It is necessary to identify the candidate genes related to skeletal muscle aging and prospective therapeutic targets for effective treatments. The age-line-related genes (ALRGs) and age-line-related transcripts (ALRTs) were investigated using the gene expression profiles of GSE47881 and GSE118825 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were performed to identify the key molecules with Cytoscape, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to clarify the potential molecular functions. Two hub molecules were finally obtained and verified with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that the expression of mitochondria genes involved in mitochondrial electron transport, complex assembly of the respiratory chain, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP synthesis were down-regulated in skeletal muscle with aging. We further identified a primary hub gene of CYCS (Cytochrome C) and a key transcription factor of ESRRA (Estrogen-related Receptor Alpha) to be associated closely with skeletal muscle aging. PCR analysis confirmed the expressions of CYCS and ESRRA in gastrocnemius muscles of mice of different ages were significantly different, and decreased gradually with age. In conclusion, the main cause of skeletal muscle aging may be the systematically reduced expression of mitochondrial functional genes. The CYCS and ESRRA may play significant roles in the progression of skeletal muscle aging and serve as potential biomarkers for future diagnosis and treatment.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The relationships between ages and gene expressions in the GSE47881 and GSE118825 datasets were performed by Pearson correlation analysis and linear analysis.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34229541", "locator": "sections[4] \"Identification of age-line-related genes (ALRGs)\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The relationships between ages and gene expressions in the GSE47881 and GSE118825 datasets were performed by Pearson correlation analysis and linear analysis."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in the GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/).", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34229541", "locator": "sections[21] \"Data availability statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in the GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/)."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": null, "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:34229541"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE118825"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE118825"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:34229541", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.1948951", "sha256": 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