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pmid:34277731
Analysis of Hub Genes and the Mechanism of Immune Infiltration in Stanford Type a Aortic Dissection.
Haoyu Gao · Xiaogang Sun · Yanxiang Liu · Shenghua Liang · Bowen Zhang · Luchen Wang · Jie Ren
Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2021 doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.680065
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Complete file
{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:34277731", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 7, "content_hash": "sha256:3b34fd0ba6acdd2d89cfe8f5d6577b892badb644c8e000864cbeffdf5aef11d5", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:41:44Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:04:15Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Analysis of Hub Genes and the Mechanism of Immune Infiltration in Stanford Type a Aortic Dissection.", "doi": "10.3389/fcvm.2021.680065", "pmid": "34277731", "authors": ["Haoyu Gao", "Xiaogang Sun", "Yanxiang Liu", "Shenghua Liang", "Bowen Zhang", "Luchen Wang", "Jie Ren"], "journal": "Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine", "year": 2021, "abstract": "Background: Stanford type A aortic dissection (AAD) is a catastrophic disease. An immune infiltrate has been found within the aortic wall of dissected aortic specimens. The recall and activation of macrophages are key events in the early phases of AAD. Herein, the immune filtration profile of AAD was uncovered. Methods: Gene expression data from the GSE52093, GSE98770 and GSE153434 datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of each dataset were calculated and then integrated. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established with the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING), and the hub genes were identified in Cytoscape. Furthermore, gene ontology (GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of hub genes were performed. Finally, we set GSE52093 and GSE98770 as the training set and GSE153434 as the validation set to assess immune infiltration in AAD using CIBERSORTx and analyzed the correlations between immune cells and hub genes in both the training and validation sets. Results: Sixty-one integrated DEGs were identified. The top 10 hub genes were selected from the PPI network, and 140 biological process (BP) terms and 12 pathways were enriched among the top 10 hub genes. The proportions of monocytes and macrophages were significantly higher in AAD tissues than in normal tissues. Notably, this result was consistent in the training set and the validation set. In addition, we found that among the hub genes, CA9, CXCL5, GDF15, VEGFA, CCL20, HMOX1, and SPP1 were positively correlated with CD14, a cell marker of monocytes, while CA9, CXCL5, GDF15, and VEGFA were positively correlated with CD68, a cell marker of macrophages in the training set. Finally, according to the results of the GO and KEGG analysis of hub genes, we found that the monocyte/macrophage-related genes were involved in immune-inflammatory responses through degradation of the extracellular matrix, endothelial cell apoptosis, hypoxia and the interaction of cytokines and chemokines. Conclusion: The monocyte-macrophage system plays a major role in immune-inflammatory responses in the development of AAD. Several hub genes are involved in this process via diverse mechanisms.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "We filtered out immune cells that were not present in each sample and used the ggpubr R package (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggpubr) to analyze the difference in selected types of immune cells between AAD patients and non-AAD patients with the Wilcoxon test.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34277731", "locator": "sections[8] \"Analysis of Immune Cell Infiltration\" paragraph 2", "quote": "We filtered out immune cells that were not present in each sample and used the ggpubr R package (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggpubr) to analyze the difference in selected types of immune cells between AAD patients and non-AAD patients with the Wilcoxon test."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/, GSE52093; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/, GSE98770; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/, GSE153434.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34277731", "locator": "sections[22] \"Data Availability Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/, GSE52093; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/, GSE98770; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/, GSE153434."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "partial", "objective": null, "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:34277731"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "blocked", "blocked_on": "data:accession_absent", "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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["", "HMOX1", "0.535", "0.06", "–", "–"], ["", "IGFBP3", "0.457", "0.116", "–", "–"], ["", "SPP1", "0.347", "0.246", "–", "–"], ["", "VEGFA", "0.557", "0.048", "0.383", "0.274"]], "row_count": 22, "column_count": 6, "numeric_cells": 72, "header_rows": 2, "locator": "section[17]/table-wrap[1]#T2"}}, {"id": "asset:table:pmid:34277731:5", "role": "table", "format": "jats-table", "media_type": "application/vnd.jats.table+json", "uri": null, "sha256": "sha256:2dae186c7523ab05b35f1ec98ac19cf4ea68247afb83761fcec8101db42ade81", "bytes": 1269, "access": "open", "state": "verified", "reader": "read_table", "reader_status": "available", "identifier": "section[17]/table-wrap[2]#T3", "version": null, "note": "Correlation analysis between macrophage M1/M2 and hub genes in the training set and the validation set.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC8284479", "section_index": 17, "section_title": "Analysis of the Correlations Between Hub Genes and Immune Cells", "row_count": 22, "column_count": 6}, "table": {"label": "Table 3", "caption": "Correlation analysis between macrophage M1/M2 and hub genes in the training set and the validation set.", "rows": [["Cell marker", "Gene", "Training set", "Validation set"], ["", "", "Correlation coefficient", "P-value", "Correlation coefficient", "P-value"], ["CD86", "CA9", "0.770", "0.002", "−0.030", "0.935"], ["", "CCL14", "0.167", "0.586", "−", "-"], ["", "CCL20", "0.429", "0.143", "−", "-"], ["", "CXCL14", "−0.032", "0.917", "−", "-"], ["", "CXCL5", "0.839", "0", "0.667", "0.035"], ["", "GDF15", "0.861", "0", "−0.397", "0.046"], ["", "HMOX1", "0.752", "0.003", "0.145", "0.690"], ["", "IGFBP3", "0.519", "0.069", "−", "-"], ["", "SPP1", "0.559", "0.047", "0.878", "0.001"], ["", "VEGFA", "0.997", "0.000", "−0.200", "0.580"], ["CD163", "CA9", "0.604", "0.029", "−0.217", "0.546"], ["", "CCL14", "0.279", "0.355", "−", "-"], ["", "CCL20", "0.654", "0.015", "−0.412", "0.236"], ["", "CXCL14", "0.011", "0.973", "−", "-"], ["", "CXCL5", "0.864", "0", "0.480", 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