Effect of Immune Cell Infiltration on Occurrence of Pulmonary Hypertension in Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients Based on Gene Expression Profiles.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:34307406", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 7, "content_hash": "sha256:700d364deca0c491922afa202c7fd64d6022a534168fea2a13d87e1142a82ac4", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:41:45Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:04:18Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Effect of Immune Cell Infiltration on Occurrence of Pulmonary Hypertension in Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients Based on Gene Expression Profiles.", "doi": "10.3389/fmed.2021.671617", "pmid": "34307406", "authors": ["Feng Zhu", "Lili Zuo", "Rui Hu", "Jin Wang", "Zhihua Yang", "Xin Qi", "Limin Feng"], "journal": "Frontiers in medicine", "year": 2021, "abstract": "Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a frequent complication in patients with pulmonary fibrosis (PF), whereas the mechanism was not well-understood. This study aimed to explore the influence of immune cell infiltration on PH status based on the genomic expression profiles. Microarray data of GSE24988 were downloaded from the GEO database, including 116 lung tissue samples derived from PF patients with various PH status. Proportion of infiltrated immune cells was evaluated using CIBERSORT, a gene expression-based de-convolution algorithm. A random forest classifier was constructed and out of bag (OOB) cross-validation was carried out for PH prediction. The proportions of immune infiltration cells varied differently in PH samples except T regulatory cells (p-value = 0). Compared with non-PH samples, increased number of naive B cells and plasma cells were identified in PH samples, whereas activated dendritic cells and M2 macrophages were relatively lower (p < 0.05). In the random forest model, these four types of immune cells obtained a higher variable importance score than other cells, including mean decreased accuracy and mean decreased gini evaluation. We ran the OOB cross-validation in each sample of datasets (training set and testing set) and obtained 79 and 69% accuracy, respectively. Abnormal proportions of four types of immune cells were identified in PH samples compared with non-PH samples, suggesting their involvement in PH development. In summary, the immune cell infiltration in PF patients is associated with the PH status of patients, which deserves further investigation in the future.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Based on two-sided t-test (p-value < 0.1) and the absolute value of the difference <0.01, the differential immune cells between (severe PH patients + moderate PH patients) and (no PH specimens) were identified.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34307406", "locator": "sections[5] \"Statistical Analysis\" paragraph 4", "quote": "Based on two-sided t-test (p-value < 0.1) and the absolute value of the difference <0.01, the differential immune cells between (severe PH patients + moderate PH patients) and (no PH specimens) were identified."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "Our data and related clinical information were retrieved from GEO database (number: GSE20129).", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34307406", "locator": "sections[13] \"Data Availability Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Our data and related clinical information were retrieved from GEO database (number: GSE20129)."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": null, "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:34307406"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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