Identification of Candidate Blood mRNA Biomarkers in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Using Integrated Microarray and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:34349791", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 7, "content_hash": "sha256:26060a0f9915510d55fe8d4ef2dc499925dfe344e4efd9e8a540cb03cb41872a", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:41:46Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:04:25Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Identification of Candidate Blood mRNA Biomarkers in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Using Integrated Microarray and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis.", "doi": "10.3389/fgene.2021.707713", "pmid": "34349791", "authors": ["Feng Jin", "Lei Li", "Yuehan Hao", "Ling Tang", "Yuye Wang", "Zhiyi He"], "journal": "Frontiers in genetics", "year": 2021, "abstract": "PURPOSE: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a serious public health hazard due to its high morbidity, disability, and mortality. Currently, the exact molecular mechanisms of ICH are unknown. We tried to identify the ICH-related candidate blood messenger RNA (mRNA) biomarkers by microarray analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA).\nMATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected the blood samples from patients with ICH (n = 4) and from vascular risk factor (VRF) controls (n = 4) and analyzed the mRNA expression profiles by competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) microarray. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and then a weighted gene co-expression network was constructed. Modules with clinical significance were distinguished. Then, we downloaded two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE24265 and GSE125512). Candidate mRNAs were identified by taking the intersection of the DEGs in our microarray, the interesting genes in the key module, and the DEGs in GSE24265. Functional analysis involving Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and construction of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were conducted.\nRESULTS: A total of 340 DEGs in our microarray were identified between the ICH group and the control group. Among the eight gene modules established by WGCNA, the yellow module containing 191 genes was the most strongly associated with ICH. Four candidate mRNAs (C3AR1, PAWR, ARNTL2, and LDLRAD4) were identified. In the early stage of ICH (within 24 h), C3AR1, PAWR, and ARNTL2 were highly expressed in the perihematomal tissue, but with low expressions in peripheral blood; in the late stage (72 h after the first blood draw), an obvious upward trend of C3AR1 and PAWR in peripheral blood was seen. Functional analysis showed that candidate mRNAs were concerned with multiple pathways, such as the Wnt signaling pathway and calcium signaling pathway. They might affect the process of ICH through neuroinflammation, cell apoptosis, and pyroptosis.\nCONCLUSION: We identified four candidate blood mRNAs (C3AR1, PAWR, ARNTL2, and LDLRAD4) related to ICH. They showed different expression patterns in peripheral blood and perihematomal tissues and changed with time. They might play important roles in ICH through neuroinflammation, cell apoptosis, and pyroptosis and might shed new light to novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets in ICH.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The statistical methods to calculate the p-value and false discovery rate (FDR) were the t-test and the Benjamini–Hochberg method, respectively.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34349791", "locator": "sections[5] \"Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The statistical methods to calculate the p-value and false discovery rate (FDR) were the t-test and the Benjamini–Hochberg method, respectively."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34349791", "locator": "sections[20] \"Data Availability Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": null, "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:34349791"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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