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pmid:34413861

Comprehensive Characterization of RNA Processing Factors in Gastric Cancer Identifies a Prognostic Signature for Predicting Clinical Outcomes and Therapeutic Responses.

Shenghan Lou · Fanzheng Meng · Xin Yin · Yao Zhang · Bangling Han · Yingwei Xue

Frontiers in immunology · 2021 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.719628

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title
Comprehensive Characterization of RNA Processing Factors in Gastric Cancer Identifies a Prognostic Signature for Predicting Clinical Outcomes and Therapeutic Responses.
doi
10.3389/fimmu.2021.719628
pmid
34413861
authors array · 6 items
[0]
Shenghan Lou
[1]
Fanzheng Meng
[2]
Xin Yin
[3]
Yao Zhang
[4]
Bangling Han
[5]
Yingwei Xue
journal
Frontiers in immunology
year
2021
abstract
RNA processing converts primary transcript RNA into mature RNA. Altered RNA processing drives tumor initiation and maintenance, and may generate novel therapeutic opportunities. However, the role of RNA processing factors in gastric cancer (GC) has not been clearly elucidated. This study presents a comprehensive analysis exploring the clinical, molecular, immune, and drug response features underlying the RNA processing factors in GC. This study included 1079 GC cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, training set), our hospital cohort, and two other external validation sets (GSE15459, GSE62254). We developed an RNA processing-related prognostic signature using Cox regression with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty. The prognostic value of the signature was evaluated using a multiple-method approach. The genetic variants, pathway activation, immune heterogeneity, drug response, and splicing features associated with the risk signature were explored using bioinformatics methods. Among the tested 819 RNA processing genes, we identified five distinct RNA processing patterns with specific clinical outcomes and biological features. A 10-gene RNA processing-related prognostic signature, involving ZBTB7A, METTL2B, CACTIN, TRUB2, POLDIP3, TSEN54, SUGP1, RBMS1, TGFB1, and PWP2, was further identified. The signature was a powerful and robust prognosis factor in both the training and validation datasets. Notably, it could stratify the survival of patients with GC in specific tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification subgroups. We constructed a composite prognostic nomogram to facilitate clinical practice by integrating this signature with other clinical variables (TNM stage, age). Patients with low-risk scores were characterized with good clinical outcomes, proliferation, and metabolism hallmarks. Conversely, poor clinical outcome, invasion, and metastasis hallmarks were enriched in the high-risk group. The RNA processing signature was also involved in tumor microenvironment reprogramming and regulating alternative splicing, causing different drug response features between the two risk groups. The low-risk subgroup was characterized by high genomic instability, high alternative splicing and might benefit from the immunotherapy. Our findings highlight the prognostic value of RNA processing factors for patients with GC and provide insights into the specific clinical and molecular features underlying the RNA processing-related signature, which may be important for patient management and targeting treatment.
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Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was first performed on the expression matrix of RNA processing factors to estimate the relationship between RNA processing factors and prognosis (OS) in the TCGA-STAD cohort. RNA processing factors with p-value < 0.1 were selected as the potential prognosis-related RNA processing factors. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty was performed in the discovery cohort to build an optimal prognostic signature with the minimum number of RNA processing factors.
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sections[7] "Identification of the RNA Processing-Related Prognostic Signature" paragraph 2
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Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was first performed on the expression matrix of RNA processing factors to estimate the relationship between RNA processing factors and prognosis (OS) in the TCGA-STAD cohort.
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sections[7] "Identification of the RNA Processing-Related Prognostic Signature" paragraph 2
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RNA processing factors with p-value < 0.1 were selected as the potential prognosis-related RNA processing factors.
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sections[7] "Identification of the RNA Processing-Related Prognostic Signature" paragraph 3
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The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty was performed in the discovery cohort to build an optimal prognostic signature with the minimum number of RNA processing factors.
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The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.
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GSM1523998
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GSM1523999
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GSM1524000
[233]
GSM1524001
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GSM1524002
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GSM1524004
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GSM1524005
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GSM1524006
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GSM1524007
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GSM1524008
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GSM1524009
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GSM1524010
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GSM1524011
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GSM1524012
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GSM1524013
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GSM1524014
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GSM1524015
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GSM1524016
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GSM1524017
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GSM1524018
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GSM1524019
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GSM1524020
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GSM1524021
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GSM1524022
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GSM1524024
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GSM1524025
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GSM1524026
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GSM1524027
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GSM1524029
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GSM1524031
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GSM1524062
[295]
GSM1524068
[296]
GSM1524069
[297]
GSM1524070
[298]
GSM1524071
[299]
GSM1524072
sample_count
300
group_sizes
null
group_sizes_basis
null
platform
570
taxon
Homo sapiens
title
Molecular analysis of gastric cancer identifies discrete subtypes associated with distinct clinical characteristics and survival outcomes: the ACRG (Asian Cancer Research Group) study [gastric tumors]
resolution_checked_at
2026-11-01T15:39:55Z
resolution_check
identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read
downloaded
false
licence_read
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[3] object · 15 fields
id
data:geo:PRJNA718168
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geo-series
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application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=PRJNA718168
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note
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.
structure object · 15 fields
repository
GEO
access_route
GEO accession URL
access_statement_verbatim
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.
access_statement_kind
data_availability_statement
sample_accessions array · 0 items
sample_count
null
group_sizes
null
group_sizes_basis
null
platform
null
taxon
null
title
null
resolution_checked_at
2026-10-31T18:35:56Z
resolution_check
identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read
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licence_read
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asset:table:pmid:34413861:1
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jats-table
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RMS time (RMST) between the two risk groups at different time points.
structure object · 5 fields
pmcid
PMC8369824
section_index
7
section_title
Identification of the RNA Processing-Related Prognostic Signature
row_count
11
column_count
6
table object · 8 fields
label
Table 1
caption
RMS time (RMST) between the two risk groups at different time points.
rows array · 11 items
[0] array · 5 items
[0]
Dataset
[1]
Time point
[2]
RMSTa
[3]
RMST differenceb
[4]
p-value
[1] array · 2 items
[0]
Low risk (95% CI)
[1]
High risk (95% CI)
[2] array · 6 items
[0]
TCGA cohort (n = 373)
[1]
12 months
[2]
11.236 (10.881, 11.590)
[3]
10.206 (9.722, 10.69)
[4]
1.030 (0.430, 1.629)
[5]
<0.001
[3] array · 5 items
[0]
36 months
[1]
28.138 (26.304, 29.972)
[2]
21.273 (19.167, 23.378)
[3]
6.865 (4.073, 9.658)
[4]
<0.001
[4] array · 5 items
[0]
60 months
[1]
40.810 (36.656, 44.964)
[2]
29.399 (25.410, 33.387)
[3]
11.411 (5.652, 17.170)
[4]
<0.001
[5] array · 6 items
[0]
HMU cohort (n = 214)
[1]
12 months
[2]
11.046 (10.594, 11.498)
[3]
11.072 (10.700, 11.444)
[4]
-0.026 (-0.612, 0.559)
[5]
0.93
[6] array · 5 items
[0]
36 months
[1]
29.787 (27.582, 31.992)
[2]
25.915 (23.592, 28.237)
[3]
3.872 (0.670, 7.075)
[4]
0.018
[7] array · 5 items
[0]
60 months
[1]
43.591 (39.832, 47.350)
[2]
34.980 (30.935, 39.025)
[3]
8.611 (3.089, 14.133)
[4]
0.002
[8] array · 6 items
[0]
GEO cohort (n = 492)
[1]
12 months
[2]
11.242 (10.965, 11.519)
[3]
11.115 (10.852, 11.377)
[4]
0.127 (-0.255, 0.509)
[5]
0.514
[9] array · 5 items
[0]
36 months
[1]
28.479 (27.011, 29.948)
[2]
25.578 (24.070, 27.085)
[3]
2.901 (0.797, 5.006)
[4]
0.007
[10] array · 5 items
[0]
60 months
[1]
42.934 (40.076, 45.792)
[2]
36.224 (33.359, 39.089)
[3]
6.710 (2.663, 10.757)
[4]
0.001
locator
section[16]/table-wrap[1]#T1
[5] object · 16 fields
id
asset:table:pmid:34413861:2
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jats-table
media_type
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section[16]/table-wrap[2]#T2
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Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses of the RNA processing-related signature.
structure object · 5 fields
pmcid
PMC8369824
section_index
7
section_title
Identification of the RNA Processing-Related Prognostic Signature
row_count
14
column_count
6
table object · 8 fields
label
Table 2
caption
Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses of the RNA processing-related signature.
rows array · 14 items
[0] array · 4 items
[0]
Dataset
[1]
Factor
[2]
Univariate
[3]
Multivariate
[1] array · 4 items
[0]
HR (95% CI)
[1]
p-value
[2]
HR (95% CI)
[3]
p-value
[2] array · 6 items
[0]
TCGA cohort (n = 373)
[1]
Risk score (increasing values)
[2]
9.280 (4.746, 18.148)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
9.918 (4.926, 19.968)
[5]
<0.001
[3] array · 5 items
[0]
Age (increasing years)
[1]
1.021 (1.005, 1.037)
[2]
0.012
[3]
1.027 (1.010, 1.045)
[4]
0.002
[4] array · 5 items
[0]
Sex (male vs. female)
[1]
1.333 (0.936, 1.899)
[2]
0.112
[3]
[4]
[5] array · 5 items
[0]
TNM stage (III + IV vs. I + II)
[1]
1.891 (1.325, 2.698)
[2]
<0.001
[3]
2.101 (1.464, 3.015)
[4]
<0.001
[6] array · 6 items
[0]
HMU cohort (n = 214)
[1]
Risk score (increasing values)
[2]
2.819 (1.041, 7.637)
[3]
0.041
[4]
2.819 (1.041, 7.637)
[5]
0.041
[7] array · 5 items
[0]
Age (increasing years)
[1]
1.009 (0.992, 1.027)
[2]
0.284
[3]
[4]
[8] array · 5 items
[0]
Sex (male vs. female)
[1]
0.984 (0.615, 1.574)
[2]
0.947
[3]
[4]
[9] array · 5 items
[0]
TNM stage (III + IV vs. I + II)
[1]
1.165 (0.710, 1.911)
[2]
0.545
[3]
[4]
[10] array · 6 items
[0]
GEO cohort (n = 492)
[1]
Risk score (increasing values)
[2]
3.601 (2.002, 6.474)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
1.632 (0.879, 3.029)
[5]
0.121
[11] array · 5 items
[0]
Age (increasing years)
[1]
1.006 (0.995, 1.018)
[2]
0.254
[3]
[4]
[12] array · 5 items
[0]
Sex (male vs. female)
[1]
1.056 (0.810, 1.377)
[2]
0.686
[3]
[4]
[13] array · 5 items
[0]
TNM stage (III + IV vs. I + II)
[1]
4.245 (3.097, 5.817)
[2]
<0.001
[3]
3.983 (2.878, 5.511)
[4]
<0.001
locator
section[16]/table-wrap[2]#T2
[6] object · 16 fields
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section[16]/table-wrap[3]#T3
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Subgroup analysis of the RNA processing-related signature.
structure object · 5 fields
pmcid
PMC8369824
section_index
7
section_title
Identification of the RNA Processing-Related Prognostic Signature
row_count
29
column_count
6
table object · 8 fields
label
Table 3
caption
Subgroup analysis of the RNA processing-related signature.
rows array · 29 items
[0] array · 4 items
[0]
Data set
[1]
Factor
[2]
Subgroup analysis
[3]
p-value for interaction
[1] array · 3 items
[0]
Samples
[1]
HR (95% CI)
[2]
p-value
[2] array · 6 items
[0]
TCGA cohort (n = 373)
[1]
Sex
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[3] array · 5 items
[0]
Female
[1]
133.000
[2]
12.071 (3.737, 38.996)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
0.651
[4] array · 5 items
[0]
Male
[1]
240.000
[2]
8.271 (3.611, 18.945)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
[5] array · 5 items
[0]
Age
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[6] array · 5 items
[0]
≤60
[1]
120.000
[2]
18.021 (4.949, 65.616)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
0.268
[7] array · 5 items
[0]
> 60
[1]
249.000
[2]
7.543 (3.498, 16.267)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
[8] array · 5 items
[0]
Stage
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[9] array · 5 items
[0]
Early (I and II)
[1]
164.000
[2]
7.482 (2.349, 23.831)
[3]
0.001
[4]
0.660
[10] array · 5 items
[0]
Advanced (III and IV)
[1]
186.000
[2]
11.097 (4.527, 27.202)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
[11] array · 6 items
[0]
HMU cohort (n = 214)
[1]
Sex
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[12] array · 5 items
[0]
Female
[1]
77.000
[2]
2.162 (0.315, 14.849)
[3]
0.433
[4]
0.666
[13] array · 5 items
[0]
Male
[1]
136.000
[2]
3.372 (1.037, 10.971)
[3]
0.043
[4]
[14] array · 5 items
[0]
Age
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[15] array · 5 items
[0]
≤60
[1]
118.000
[2]
2.369 (0.563, 9.977)
[3]
0.240
[4]
0.691
[16] array · 5 items
[0]
> 60
[1]
96.000
[2]
3.509 (0.883, 13.943)
[3]
0.075
[4]
[17] array · 5 items
[0]
Stage
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[18] array · 5 items
[0]
Early (I and II)
[1]
67.000
[2]
1.243 (0.213, 7.264)
[3]
0.809
[4]
0.260
[19] array · 5 items
[0]
Advanced (III and IV)
[1]
147.000
[2]
4.149 (1.234, 13.947)
[3]
0.021
[4]
[20] array · 6 items
[0]
GEO cohort (n = 492)
[1]
Sex
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[21] array · 5 items
[0]
Female
[1]
168.000
[2]
6.633 (2.354, 18.691)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
0.113
[22] array · 5 items
[0]
Male
[1]
324.000
[2]
2.651 (1.290, 5.447)
[3]
0.008
[4]
[23] array · 5 items
[0]
Age
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[24] array · 5 items
[0]
≤60
[1]
178.000
[2]
8.792 (3.039, 25.438)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
0.065
[25] array · 5 items
[0]
> 60
[1]
314.000
[2]
2.583 (1.260, 5.291)
[3]
0.010
[4]
[26] array · 5 items
[0]
Stage
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[27] array · 5 items
[0]
Early (I and II)
[1]
187.000
[2]
2.796 (0.784, 9.976)
[3]
0.113
[4]
0.312
[28] array · 5 items
[0]
Advanced (III and IV)
[1]
305.000
[2]
1.331 (0.654, 2.708)
[3]
0.431
[4]
locator
section[16]/table-wrap[3]#T3
[7] object · 16 fields
id
asset:table:pmid:34413861:4
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format
jats-table
media_type
application/vnd.jats.table+json
uri
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sha256
sha256:2ef6ebbff0063ba2fe323c92d6303a208c31690543710bcbec77f4c461e96dbc
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read_table
reader_status
available
identifier
section[16]/table-wrap[1]#T1
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note
RMS time (RMST) between the two risk groups at different time points.
structure object · 5 fields
pmcid
PMC8369824
section_index
16
section_title
Identification of the RNA Processing-Related Prognostic Signature
row_count
11
column_count
6
table object · 8 fields
label
Table 1
caption
RMS time (RMST) between the two risk groups at different time points.
rows array · 11 items
[0] array · 5 items
[0]
Dataset
[1]
Time point
[2]
RMSTa
[3]
RMST differenceb
[4]
p-value
[1] array · 2 items
[0]
Low risk (95% CI)
[1]
High risk (95% CI)
[2] array · 6 items
[0]
TCGA cohort (n = 373)
[1]
12 months
[2]
11.236 (10.881, 11.590)
[3]
10.206 (9.722, 10.69)
[4]
1.030 (0.430, 1.629)
[5]
<0.001
[3] array · 5 items
[0]
36 months
[1]
28.138 (26.304, 29.972)
[2]
21.273 (19.167, 23.378)
[3]
6.865 (4.073, 9.658)
[4]
<0.001
[4] array · 5 items
[0]
60 months
[1]
40.810 (36.656, 44.964)
[2]
29.399 (25.410, 33.387)
[3]
11.411 (5.652, 17.170)
[4]
<0.001
[5] array · 6 items
[0]
HMU cohort (n = 214)
[1]
12 months
[2]
11.046 (10.594, 11.498)
[3]
11.072 (10.700, 11.444)
[4]
-0.026 (-0.612, 0.559)
[5]
0.93
[6] array · 5 items
[0]
36 months
[1]
29.787 (27.582, 31.992)
[2]
25.915 (23.592, 28.237)
[3]
3.872 (0.670, 7.075)
[4]
0.018
[7] array · 5 items
[0]
60 months
[1]
43.591 (39.832, 47.350)
[2]
34.980 (30.935, 39.025)
[3]
8.611 (3.089, 14.133)
[4]
0.002
[8] array · 6 items
[0]
GEO cohort (n = 492)
[1]
12 months
[2]
11.242 (10.965, 11.519)
[3]
11.115 (10.852, 11.377)
[4]
0.127 (-0.255, 0.509)
[5]
0.514
[9] array · 5 items
[0]
36 months
[1]
28.479 (27.011, 29.948)
[2]
25.578 (24.070, 27.085)
[3]
2.901 (0.797, 5.006)
[4]
0.007
[10] array · 5 items
[0]
60 months
[1]
42.934 (40.076, 45.792)
[2]
36.224 (33.359, 39.089)
[3]
6.710 (2.663, 10.757)
[4]
0.001
locator
section[16]/table-wrap[1]#T1
[8] object · 16 fields
id
asset:table:pmid:34413861:5
role
table
format
jats-table
media_type
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sha256
sha256:3fc01a961e08156eb950b23313d21ee69fce52770cdda615a474f3ae99b16ef5
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read_table
reader_status
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identifier
section[16]/table-wrap[2]#T2
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note
Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses of the RNA processing-related signature.
structure object · 5 fields
pmcid
PMC8369824
section_index
16
section_title
Identification of the RNA Processing-Related Prognostic Signature
row_count
14
column_count
6
table object · 8 fields
label
Table 2
caption
Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses of the RNA processing-related signature.
rows array · 14 items
[0] array · 4 items
[0]
Dataset
[1]
Factor
[2]
Univariate
[3]
Multivariate
[1] array · 4 items
[0]
HR (95% CI)
[1]
p-value
[2]
HR (95% CI)
[3]
p-value
[2] array · 6 items
[0]
TCGA cohort (n = 373)
[1]
Risk score (increasing values)
[2]
9.280 (4.746, 18.148)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
9.918 (4.926, 19.968)
[5]
<0.001
[3] array · 5 items
[0]
Age (increasing years)
[1]
1.021 (1.005, 1.037)
[2]
0.012
[3]
1.027 (1.010, 1.045)
[4]
0.002
[4] array · 5 items
[0]
Sex (male vs. female)
[1]
1.333 (0.936, 1.899)
[2]
0.112
[3]
[4]
[5] array · 5 items
[0]
TNM stage (III + IV vs. I + II)
[1]
1.891 (1.325, 2.698)
[2]
<0.001
[3]
2.101 (1.464, 3.015)
[4]
<0.001
[6] array · 6 items
[0]
HMU cohort (n = 214)
[1]
Risk score (increasing values)
[2]
2.819 (1.041, 7.637)
[3]
0.041
[4]
2.819 (1.041, 7.637)
[5]
0.041
[7] array · 5 items
[0]
Age (increasing years)
[1]
1.009 (0.992, 1.027)
[2]
0.284
[3]
[4]
[8] array · 5 items
[0]
Sex (male vs. female)
[1]
0.984 (0.615, 1.574)
[2]
0.947
[3]
[4]
[9] array · 5 items
[0]
TNM stage (III + IV vs. I + II)
[1]
1.165 (0.710, 1.911)
[2]
0.545
[3]
[4]
[10] array · 6 items
[0]
GEO cohort (n = 492)
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Risk score (increasing values)
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3.601 (2.002, 6.474)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
1.632 (0.879, 3.029)
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0.121
[11] array · 5 items
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1.006 (0.995, 1.018)
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0.254
[3]
[4]
[12] array · 5 items
[0]
Sex (male vs. female)
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1.056 (0.810, 1.377)
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0.686
[3]
[4]
[13] array · 5 items
[0]
TNM stage (III + IV vs. I + II)
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4.245 (3.097, 5.817)
[2]
<0.001
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3.983 (2.878, 5.511)
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<0.001
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Subgroup analysis of the RNA processing-related signature.
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PMC8369824
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16
section_title
Identification of the RNA Processing-Related Prognostic Signature
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column_count
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Table 3
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Subgroup analysis of the RNA processing-related signature.
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Data set
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Factor
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Subgroup analysis
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p-value for interaction
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[0]
Samples
[1]
HR (95% CI)
[2]
p-value
[2] array · 6 items
[0]
TCGA cohort (n = 373)
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[3]
[4]
[5]
[3] array · 5 items
[0]
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[1]
133.000
[2]
12.071 (3.737, 38.996)
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0.651
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[0]
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[1]
240.000
[2]
8.271 (3.611, 18.945)
[3]
<0.001
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[5] array · 5 items
[0]
Age
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[2]
[3]
[4]
[6] array · 5 items
[0]
≤60
[1]
120.000
[2]
18.021 (4.949, 65.616)
[3]
<0.001
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0.268
[7] array · 5 items
[0]
> 60
[1]
249.000
[2]
7.543 (3.498, 16.267)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
[8] array · 5 items
[0]
Stage
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[2]
[3]
[4]
[9] array · 5 items
[0]
Early (I and II)
[1]
164.000
[2]
7.482 (2.349, 23.831)
[3]
0.001
[4]
0.660
[10] array · 5 items
[0]
Advanced (III and IV)
[1]
186.000
[2]
11.097 (4.527, 27.202)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
[11] array · 6 items
[0]
HMU cohort (n = 214)
[1]
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[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[12] array · 5 items
[0]
Female
[1]
77.000
[2]
2.162 (0.315, 14.849)
[3]
0.433
[4]
0.666
[13] array · 5 items
[0]
Male
[1]
136.000
[2]
3.372 (1.037, 10.971)
[3]
0.043
[4]
[14] array · 5 items
[0]
Age
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[15] array · 5 items
[0]
≤60
[1]
118.000
[2]
2.369 (0.563, 9.977)
[3]
0.240
[4]
0.691
[16] array · 5 items
[0]
> 60
[1]
96.000
[2]
3.509 (0.883, 13.943)
[3]
0.075
[4]
[17] array · 5 items
[0]
Stage
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[2]
[3]
[4]
[18] array · 5 items
[0]
Early (I and II)
[1]
67.000
[2]
1.243 (0.213, 7.264)
[3]
0.809
[4]
0.260
[19] array · 5 items
[0]
Advanced (III and IV)
[1]
147.000
[2]
4.149 (1.234, 13.947)
[3]
0.021
[4]
[20] array · 6 items
[0]
GEO cohort (n = 492)
[1]
Sex
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[21] array · 5 items
[0]
Female
[1]
168.000
[2]
6.633 (2.354, 18.691)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
0.113
[22] array · 5 items
[0]
Male
[1]
324.000
[2]
2.651 (1.290, 5.447)
[3]
0.008
[4]
[23] array · 5 items
[0]
Age
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[24] array · 5 items
[0]
≤60
[1]
178.000
[2]
8.792 (3.039, 25.438)
[3]
<0.001
[4]
0.065
[25] array · 5 items
[0]
> 60
[1]
314.000
[2]
2.583 (1.260, 5.291)
[3]
0.010
[4]
[26] array · 5 items
[0]
Stage
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[27] array · 5 items
[0]
Early (I and II)
[1]
187.000
[2]
2.796 (0.784, 9.976)
[3]
0.113
[4]
0.312
[28] array · 5 items
[0]
Advanced (III and IV)
[1]
305.000
[2]
1.331 (0.654, 2.708)
[3]
0.431
[4]
locator
section[16]/table-wrap[3]#T3
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quote
Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was first performed on the expression matrix of RNA processing factors to estimate the relationship between RNA processing factors and prognosis (OS) in the TCGA-STAD cohort. RNA processing factors with p-value < 0.1 were selected as the potential prognosis-related RNA processing factors. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty was performed in the discovery cohort to build an optimal prognostic signature with the minimum number of RNA processing factors.
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Automated Assays Laravel application and simulated adapters
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PRJNA718168
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GSE15459
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GSE62254
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GSE15459
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GSE62254
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Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was first performed on the expression matrix of RNA processing factors to estimate the relationship between RNA processing factors and prognosis (OS) in the TCGA-STAD cohort. RNA processing factors with p-value < 0.1 were selected as the potential prognosis-related RNA processing factors. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty was performed in the discovery cohort to build an optimal prognostic signature with the minimum number of RNA processing factors.
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{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:34413861", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 6, "content_hash": "sha256:229d3aefe290da62988d27089318112af1784aafeee8e1acdb7301ac53a2cb14", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:41:48Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T21:26:02Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Comprehensive Characterization of RNA Processing Factors in Gastric Cancer Identifies a Prognostic Signature for Predicting Clinical Outcomes and Therapeutic Responses.", "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2021.719628", "pmid": "34413861", "authors": ["Shenghan Lou", "Fanzheng Meng", "Xin Yin", "Yao Zhang", "Bangling Han", "Yingwei Xue"], "journal": "Frontiers in immunology", "year": 2021, "abstract": "RNA processing converts primary transcript RNA into mature RNA. Altered RNA processing drives tumor initiation and maintenance, and may generate novel therapeutic opportunities. However, the role of RNA processing factors in gastric cancer (GC) has not been clearly elucidated. This study presents a comprehensive analysis exploring the clinical, molecular, immune, and drug response features underlying the RNA processing factors in GC. This study included 1079 GC cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, training set), our hospital cohort, and two other external validation sets (GSE15459, GSE62254). We developed an RNA processing-related prognostic signature using Cox regression with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty. The prognostic value of the signature was evaluated using a multiple-method approach. The genetic variants, pathway activation, immune heterogeneity, drug response, and splicing features associated with the risk signature were explored using bioinformatics methods. Among the tested 819 RNA processing genes, we identified five distinct RNA processing patterns with specific clinical outcomes and biological features. A 10-gene RNA processing-related prognostic signature, involving ZBTB7A, METTL2B, CACTIN, TRUB2, POLDIP3, TSEN54, SUGP1, RBMS1, TGFB1, and PWP2, was further identified. The signature was a powerful and robust prognosis factor in both the training and validation datasets. Notably, it could stratify the survival of patients with GC in specific tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification subgroups. We constructed a composite prognostic nomogram to facilitate clinical practice by integrating this signature with other clinical variables (TNM stage, age). Patients with low-risk scores were characterized with good clinical outcomes, proliferation, and metabolism hallmarks. Conversely, poor clinical outcome, invasion, and metastasis hallmarks were enriched in the high-risk group. The RNA processing signature was also involved in tumor microenvironment reprogramming and regulating alternative splicing, causing different drug response features between the two risk groups. The low-risk subgroup was characterized by high genomic instability, high alternative splicing and might benefit from the immunotherapy. Our findings highlight the prognostic value of RNA processing factors for patients with GC and provide insights into the specific clinical and molecular features underlying the RNA processing-related signature, which may be important for patient management and targeting treatment.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was first performed on the expression matrix of RNA processing factors to estimate the relationship between RNA processing factors and prognosis (OS) in the TCGA-STAD cohort. 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differenceb", "p-value"], ["Low risk (95% CI)", "High risk (95% CI)"], ["TCGA cohort (n = 373)", "12 months", "11.236 (10.881, 11.590)", "10.206 (9.722, 10.69)", "1.030 (0.430, 1.629)", "<0.001"], ["36 months", "28.138 (26.304, 29.972)", "21.273 (19.167, 23.378)", "6.865 (4.073, 9.658)", "<0.001"], ["60 months", "40.810 (36.656, 44.964)", "29.399 (25.410, 33.387)", "11.411 (5.652, 17.170)", "<0.001"], ["HMU cohort (n = 214)", "12 months", "11.046 (10.594, 11.498)", "11.072 (10.700, 11.444)", "-0.026 (-0.612, 0.559)", "0.93"], ["36 months", "29.787 (27.582, 31.992)", "25.915 (23.592, 28.237)", "3.872 (0.670, 7.075)", "0.018"], ["60 months", "43.591 (39.832, 47.350)", "34.980 (30.935, 39.025)", "8.611 (3.089, 14.133)", "0.002"], ["GEO cohort (n = 492)", "12 months", "11.242 (10.965, 11.519)", "11.115 (10.852, 11.377)", "0.127 (-0.255, 0.509)", "0.514"], ["36 months", "28.479 (27.011, 29.948)", "25.578 (24.070, 27.085)", "2.901 (0.797, 5.006)", "0.007"], ["60 months", "42.934 (40.076, 45.792)", "36.224 (33.359, 39.089)", "6.710 (2.663, 10.757)", "0.001"]], "row_count": 11, "column_count": 6, "numeric_cells": 50, "header_rows": 2, "locator": "section[16]/table-wrap[1]#T1"}}, {"id": "asset:table:pmid:34413861:5", "role": "table", "format": "jats-table", "media_type": "application/vnd.jats.table+json", "uri": null, "sha256": "sha256:3fc01a961e08156eb950b23313d21ee69fce52770cdda615a474f3ae99b16ef5", "bytes": 1374, "access": "open", "state": "verified", "reader": "read_table", "reader_status": "available", "identifier": "section[16]/table-wrap[2]#T2", "version": null, "note": "Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses of the RNA processing-related signature.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC8369824", "section_index": 16, "section_title": "Identification of the RNA Processing-Related Prognostic Signature", "row_count": 14, "column_count": 6}, "table": {"label": "Table 2", "caption": "Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses of the RNA processing-related signature.", "rows": [["Dataset", "Factor", "Univariate", "Multivariate"], ["HR (95% CI)", "p-value", "HR (95% CI)", "p-value"], ["TCGA cohort (n = 373)", "Risk score (increasing values)", "9.280 (4.746, 18.148)", "<0.001", "9.918 (4.926, 19.968)", "<0.001"], ["Age (increasing years)", "1.021 (1.005, 1.037)", "0.012", "1.027 (1.010, 1.045)", "0.002"], ["Sex (male vs. female)", "1.333 (0.936, 1.899)", "0.112", "", ""], ["TNM stage (III + IV vs. I + II)", "1.891 (1.325, 2.698)", "<0.001", "2.101 (1.464, 3.015)", "<0.001"], ["HMU cohort (n = 214)", "Risk score (increasing values)", "2.819 (1.041, 7.637)", "0.041", "2.819 (1.041, 7.637)", "0.041"], ["Age (increasing years)", "1.009 (0.992, 1.027)", "0.284", "", ""], ["Sex (male vs. female)", "0.984 (0.615, 1.574)", "0.947", "", ""], ["TNM stage (III + IV vs. I + II)", "1.165 (0.710, 1.911)", "0.545", "", ""], ["GEO cohort (n = 492)", "Risk score (increasing values)", "3.601 (2.002, 6.474)", "<0.001", "1.632 (0.879, 3.029)", "0.121"], ["Age (increasing years)", "1.006 (0.995, 1.018)", "0.254", "", ""], ["Sex (male vs. female)", "1.056 (0.810, 1.377)", "0.686", "", ""], ["TNM stage (III + IV vs. I + II)", "4.245 (3.097, 5.817)", "<0.001", "3.983 (2.878, 5.511)", "<0.001"]], "row_count": 14, "column_count": 6, "numeric_cells": 41, "header_rows": 2, "locator": "section[16]/table-wrap[2]#T2"}}, {"id": "asset:table:pmid:34413861:6", "role": "table", "format": "jats-table", "media_type": "application/vnd.jats.table+json", "uri": null, "sha256": "sha256:b624286a69f5767855386635004d806a1601c48cdcabb6e77395833a3784883a", "bytes": 1681, "access": "open", "state": "verified", "reader": "read_table", "reader_status": "available", "identifier": "section[16]/table-wrap[3]#T3", "version": null, "note": "Subgroup analysis of the RNA processing-related signature.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC8369824", "section_index": 16, "section_title": "Identification of the RNA Processing-Related Prognostic Signature", "row_count": 29, "column_count": 6}, "table": {"label": "Table 3", "caption": "Subgroup analysis of the RNA processing-related signature.", "rows": [["Data set", "Factor", "Subgroup analysis", "p-value for interaction"], ["Samples", "HR (95% CI)", "p-value"], ["TCGA cohort (n = 373)", "Sex", "", "", "", ""], ["Female", "133.000", "12.071 (3.737, 38.996)", "<0.001", "0.651"], ["Male", "240.000", "8.271 (3.611, 18.945)", "<0.001", ""], ["Age", "", "", "", ""], ["≤60", "120.000", "18.021 (4.949, 65.616)", "<0.001", "0.268"], ["> 60", "249.000", "7.543 (3.498, 16.267)", "<0.001", ""], ["Stage", "", "", "", ""], ["Early (I and II)", "164.000", "7.482 (2.349, 23.831)", "0.001", "0.660"], ["Advanced (III and IV)", "186.000", "11.097 (4.527, 27.202)", "<0.001", ""], ["HMU cohort (n = 214)", "Sex", "", "", "", ""], ["Female", "77.000", "2.162 (0.315, 14.849)", "0.433", "0.666"], ["Male", "136.000", "3.372 (1.037, 10.971)", "0.043", ""], ["Age", "", "", "", ""], ["≤60", "118.000", "2.369 (0.563, 9.977)", "0.240", "0.691"], ["> 60", 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"asset:data:geo:GSE62254 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:PRJNA718168 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:PRJNA718168 licence not read"]}, "analysis": {"state": "complete", "methods": [{"id": "method-1", "family": "survival_analysis", "specific": "cox_proportional_hazards", "label": "Survival analysis", "dsl_operations": ["cox_ph"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["time_to_event_with_censoring"], "evidence": {"score": 1.0, "band": "reordered", "quote": "Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was first performed on the expression matrix of RNA processing factors to estimate the relationship between RNA processing factors and prognosis (OS) in the TCGA-STAD cohort. RNA processing factors with p-value < 0.1 were selected as the potential prognosis-related RNA processing factors. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty was performed in the discovery cohort to build an optimal prognostic signature with the minimum number of RNA processing factors."}}, {"id": "method-2", "family": "correlation_analysis", "specific": "pearson", "label": "Correlation analysis", "dsl_operations": ["pearson_r"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["paired_numeric_columns"], "evidence": {"score": 0.8, "band": "high", "quote": "Pearson correlation"}}, {"id": "method-3", "family": "clustering", "specific": "hierarchical", "label": "Clustering", "dsl_operations": ["hierarchical_cluster"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["feature_matrix"], "evidence": {"score": 0.8, "band": "high", "quote": "dendrogram"}}], "targets": [], "gaps": []}, "capability": {"state": "complete", "requirements": [{"capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "label": "Computational analysis platform", "assay_families": ["meta_analysis", "machine_learning", "survival_analysis", "statistical_regression", "pca", "molecular_docking", "network_analysis", "differential_expression", "gwas"], "availability_state": "owned", "tier_unlocked": "R1", "candidate": "Automated Assays Laravel application and simulated adapters"}], "gaps": []}, "readiness": {"state": "complete", "tier": "R1", "blocking_axis": "none", "blocked_on": "nothing:replicable_now", "axes": {"method": {"tier": "R1", "expressible": true, "required_operations": ["cox_ph"], "missing_operations": [], "basis": "The paper names the method it used and the corpus's method extractor maps it onto the DSL catalogue: cox_proportional_hazards."}, "capability": {"tier": "R1", "capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "availability_state": "owned", "basis": "The computational analysis is owned. The physical bench the paper used is not, so a physical validation cannot be run here."}, "data": {"tier": "R1", "reachable": true, "accessions": ["PRJNA718168", "GSE15459", "GSE62254"], "resolved_accessions": ["GSE15459", "GSE62254"], "statements": ["The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material."], "basis": "The paper names GSE15459, GSE62254 in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the accession resolves in the repository. 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