Comprehensive analysis of pivotal biomarkers, immune cell infiltration and therapeutic drugs for steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:34488536", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 8, "content_hash": "sha256:f73d3bdb10be7b1f2393092c63a0b23799dae6820a6b03ef1a93fc5562c26495", "created_at": "2026-11-01T15:41:50Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:47:27Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Comprehensive analysis of pivotal biomarkers, immune cell infiltration and therapeutic drugs for steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head.", "doi": "10.1080/21655979.2021.1972081", "pmid": "34488536", "authors": ["Bo Wang", "Song Gong", "Wenkai Shao", "Lizhi Han", "Zilin Li", "Zhichao Zhang", "Yang Zheng", "Fang Ouyang", "Yan Ma", "Weihua Xu", "Yong Feng"], "journal": "Bioengineered", "year": 2021, "abstract": "Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is a progressive disease that leads to an increased disability rate. This study aimed to ascertain biomarkers, infiltrating immune cells, and therapeutic drugs for SONFH. The gene expression profile of the GSE123568 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the NetworkAnalyst platform. Functional enrichment, protein-protein interaction network (PPI), and module analyses were performed using Metascape tools. An immune cell abundance identifier was used to explore immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, hub genes were identified based on maximal clique centrality (MCC) evaluation using cytoHubba application and confirmed by qRT-PCR using clinical samples. Finally, the L1000 platform was used to determine potential drugs for SONFH treatment. The SONFH mouse model was used to determine the therapeutic effects of aspirin. In total, 429 DEGs were identified in SONFH samples. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were enriched in myeloid leukocyte activation and osteoclast differentiation processes. A set of nine immune cell types was confirmed to be markedly different between the SONFH and control samples. All 10 hub genes were significantly highly expressed in the serum of SONFH patients, as shown by qRT-PCR. Finally, the therapeutic effect of aspirin on SONFH was examined in animal experiments. Taken together, our data revealed the hub genes and infiltrating immune cells in SONFH, and we also screened potential drugs for use in SONFH treatment.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Statistical significance was determined using a two-tailed Student’s t-test when two groups were compared, and one-way ANOVA was followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test when comparing more than two groups.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34488536", "locator": "sections[10] \"Statistical analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Statistical significance was determined using a two-tailed Student’s t-test when two groups were compared, and one-way ANOVA was followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test when comparing more than two groups."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "All the data in our study will be made available by the authors upon reasonable request. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE123568", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34488536", "locator": "sections[22] \"Data availability statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "All the data in our study will be made available by the authors upon reasonable request. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE123568"}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": null, "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:34488536"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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with activity against SONFH as predicted via connectivity map", "rows": [["Score", "Name", "Description", "Target"], ["−99.68", "Phylloquinone", "Vitamin K", "BGLAP, GGCX"], ["−99.58", "cholic-acid", "Bile acid", "ADH1C, CES1, COX4I1, COX5A, COX5B, COX6A2, COX6B1, COX6C, COX7A1, COX7B, COX7C, COX8A, ESRRG, FABP6, FECH, GPBAR1, MT-CO1, MT-CO2, MT-CO3, PLA2G1B"], ["−99.58", "MRS-1220", "Adenosine receptor antagonist", "ADORA2B, ADORA3"], ["−99.54", "Bucladesine", "Adenosine receptor agonist", "PRKACA"], ["−99.51", "Isotretinoin", "Retinoid receptor agonist", "CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2C8, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, NR2C2, PPARD, RARA, RARB, RARG, RORB"], ["−99.22", "Doxercalciferol", "Vitamin D receptor agonist", "VDR"], ["−98.8", "Betahistine", "Histamine receptor agonist", "HRH1, HRH3"], ["−98.8", "Aspirin", "Cyclooxygenase inhibitor", "AKR1C1, ASIC3, EDNRA, HSPA5, IKBKB, NFKB1, NFKB2, NFKBIA, PRKAA1, PRKAA2, PRKAB1, PRKAB2, PRKAG1, PRKAG2, PRKAG3, PTGS1, PTGS2, RPS6KA3, TP53"], ["−98.73", 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The SONFH mouse model was used to determine the therapeutic effect", "tential drugs for SONFH treatment. The SONFH mouse model was used to determine the therapeutic", "necrosis [23]. At the end of the treatment, mice were sacrificed and samples of the femoral head were obtaine", "weeks. 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