Tubulin polymerization promoting protein family member 3 (TPPP3) overexpression inhibits cell proliferation and invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:34668461", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 5, "content_hash": "sha256:a8186f7393200098f56de71c53b23df56f5f005ddfe1ed61cce9d6246ced79f1", "created_at": "2026-11-01T17:36:20Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:47:44Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Tubulin polymerization promoting protein family member 3 (TPPP3) overexpression inhibits cell proliferation and invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.", "doi": "10.1080/21655979.2021.1984006", "pmid": "34668461", "authors": ["Qisheng Su", "Zheng Yang", "Xiaobin Guo", "Wuning Mo", "Xiaohong Li"], "journal": "Bioengineered", "year": 2021, "abstract": "The function of tubulin polymerization promoting protein family member 3 (TPPP3) in tumor cells is complicated, and the role of TPPP3 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear. This study aims to explore the expression of TPPP3 in NPC and its effect on NPC cells. The expression of TPPP3 in NPC tissues and other cancers were analyzed by using the Oncomine and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. The mRNA and protein of TPPP3 were detected in NPC tissues by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, TPPP3 was overexpressed in 5-8 F and HONE1 cell lines by lentivirus transfection, and functional analysis of TPPP3 in NPC was evaluated through in vitro experiments. The expression of TPPP3 was significantly down-regulated in NPC tissues and cells. Overexpression of TPPP3 significantly inhibited proliferation of 5-8 F and HONE1 cells in vitro. In addition, overexpression of TPPP3 significantly attenuated the invasion ability of 5-8 F, HONE1 cells in vitro, but have no significant effect on migration ability. Furthermore, TPPP3 overexpression diminished the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA. By analyzing dataset GSE12452, it was interesting that TPPP3 high expression group mainly functioned in B cell receptor signaling pathway, cell cycle and DNA replication. In conclusion, our results suggest that TPPP3 may be considered as an antioncogene, which plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of NPC.Abbreviations: TPPP3: tubulin polymerization promoting protein family member 3; NPC: nasopharyngeal carcinoma; GEO: Gene Expression Omnibus; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR; GFP: green fluorescence protein; MOI, transfected multiplicity of infection; CCK-8: cell counting kit-8; OD: optical density; GSEA: gene set enrichment analysis; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MMP-2: matrix metalloproteinase-2; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinase-9.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The GSEA was performed to analyze the biological processes involved in the expression of TPPP3 gene in NPC and the possible related pathways with the molecular functions and biological processes of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG).", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34668461", "locator": "sections[13] \"Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA)\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The GSEA was performed to analyze the biological processes involved in the expression of TPPP3 gene in NPC and the possible related pathways with the molecular functions and biological processes of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The mRNA expression levels of TPPP3 from the Oncomine database were significantly elevated in colorectal carcinoma and invasive ductal breast carcinoma (Figure 1(a-b)), which is consistent with previous published results [9,11].", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34668461", "locator": "sections[16] \"Expression of TPPP3 is reduced in NPC tissues and cell lines\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The mRNA expression levels of TPPP3 from the Oncomine database were significantly elevated in colorectal carcinoma and invasive ductal breast carcinoma (Figure 1(a-b)), which is consistent with previous published results [9,11]."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "The expression of TPPP3 was significantly down-regulated in NPC tissues and cells.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34668461", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "The expression of TPPP3 was significantly down-regulated in NPC tissues and cells."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "partial", "objective": "The expression of TPPP3 was significantly down-regulated in NPC tissues and cells.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:34668461"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE12452"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "blocked", "blocked_on": "method:student_t", "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE12452"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": ["step:run_analysis blocked on method:student_t"]}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:34668461", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.1984006", "sha256": "sha256:fcbfb5256ca9bf0abd37a5f539f62cfe030016def60bba9bdb89a965820d5830", "bytes": 26683, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "10.1080/21655979.2021.1984006", "version": null, "note": "Full article fetched from PMC; the checksum covers the rendered section body, not the original XML bytes.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC8806723", "source": "europe_pmc_fulltext", "coverage": "whole_body_without_references", "text_hash_scope": "rendered_section_body"}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE12452", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE12452", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE12452", "version": null, "note": "The mRNA expression levels of TPPP3 from the Oncomine database were significantly elevated in colorectal carcinoma and invasive ductal breast carcinoma (Figure 1(a-b)), which is consistent with previous published results [9,11].", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "The mRNA expression levels of TPPP3 from the Oncomine database were significantly elevated in colorectal carcinoma and invasive ductal breast carcinoma (Figure 1(a-b)), which is consistent with previous published results [9,11].", "access_statement_kind": "repository_route_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM312896", "GSM312897", "GSM312898", "GSM312899", "GSM312900", "GSM312901", "GSM312902", "GSM312903", "GSM312904", "GSM312905", "GSM312906", "GSM312907", "GSM312908", "GSM312909", "GSM312910", "GSM312911", "GSM312912", "GSM312913", "GSM312914", "GSM312915", "GSM312916", "GSM312917", "GSM312918", "GSM312919", "GSM312920", "GSM312921", "GSM312922", "GSM312923", "GSM312924", "GSM312925", "GSM312926", "GSM312927", "GSM312928", "GSM312929", "GSM312930", "GSM312931", "GSM312932", "GSM312933", "GSM312934", "GSM312935", "GSM312936"], "sample_count": 41, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "570", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "mRNA expression profiling of nasopharyngeal carcinoma", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:54Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE53819", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE53819", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE53819", "version": null, "note": "The mRNA expression levels of TPPP3 from the Oncomine database were significantly elevated in colorectal carcinoma and invasive ductal breast carcinoma (Figure 1(a-b)), which is consistent with previous published results [9,11].", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "The mRNA expression levels of TPPP3 from the Oncomine database were significantly elevated in colorectal carcinoma and invasive ductal breast carcinoma (Figure 1(a-b)), which is consistent with previous published results [9,11].", "access_statement_kind": "repository_route_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM1301444", "GSM1301445", "GSM1301446", "GSM1301447", "GSM1301448", "GSM1301449", "GSM1301450", "GSM1301451", "GSM1301452", "GSM1301453", "GSM1301454", "GSM1301455", "GSM1301456", "GSM1301457", "GSM1301458", "GSM1301459", "GSM1301460", "GSM1301461", "GSM1301462", "GSM1301463", "GSM1301464", "GSM1301465", "GSM1301466", "GSM1301467", "GSM1301468", "GSM1301469", "GSM1301470", "GSM1301471", "GSM1301472", "GSM1301473", "GSM1301474", "GSM1301475", "GSM1301476", "GSM1301477", "GSM1301478", "GSM1301479"], "sample_count": 36, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "6480", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "Genome-wide expressing profiling of nasopharyngeal carcinoma primary tumors versus non-cancerous nasopharyngeal tissues.", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:54Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE61218", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE61218", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE61218", "version": null, "note": "The mRNA expression levels of TPPP3 from the Oncomine database were significantly elevated in colorectal carcinoma and invasive ductal breast carcinoma (Figure 1(a-b)), which is consistent with previous published results [9,11].", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "The mRNA expression levels of TPPP3 from the Oncomine database were significantly elevated in colorectal carcinoma and invasive ductal breast carcinoma (Figure 1(a-b)), which is consistent with previous published results [9,11].", "access_statement_kind": "repository_route_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM1499764", "GSM1499765", "GSM1499766", "GSM1499767", "GSM1499768", "GSM1499769", "GSM1499770", "GSM1499771", "GSM1499772", "GSM1499773", "GSM1499774", "GSM1499775", "GSM1499776", "GSM1499777", "GSM1499778", "GSM1499779"], "sample_count": 16, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "19061", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "mRNA and lncRNA gene expression profile of nasopharyngeal carcinoma", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T17:30:42Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}], "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE12452 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE12452 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE53819 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE53819 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE61218 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE61218 licence not read"]}, "analysis": {"state": "partial", "methods": [{"id": "method-1", "family": "group_comparison", "specific": "student_t_test", "label": "Group comparison", "dsl_operations": [], "missing_operations": ["student_t"], "expressible": false, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["two_or_more_groups_continuous"], "evidence": {"score": 1.0, "band": "verbatim", "quote": "The GSEA was performed to analyze the biological processes involved in the expression of TPPP3 gene in NPC and the possible related pathways with the molecular functions and biological processes of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)."}}, {"id": "method-2", "family": "group_comparison", "specific": "anova", "label": "Group comparison", "dsl_operations": ["group_summary", "welch_t", "bootstrap_mean_difference", "group_comparison_anova"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["two_or_more_groups_continuous"], "evidence": {"score": 0.8, "band": "high", "quote": "ANOVA"}}, {"id": "method-3", "family": "image_quantification", "specific": "densitometry", "label": "Image analysis / quantification", "dsl_operations": ["segment_objects", "quantify_intensity"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["image_stack"], "evidence": {"score": 0.7, "band": "medium", "quote": "optical density"}}, {"id": "method-4", "family": "contingency_analysis", "specific": "chi_square", "label": "Categorical (contingency table) analysis", "dsl_operations": ["chi_square_test"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["categorical_cross_tabulation"], "evidence": {"score": 0.8, "band": "high", "quote": "Chi-square"}}], "targets": [], "gaps": ["method.student_t"]}, "capability": {"state": "complete", "requirements": [{"capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "label": "Computational analysis platform", "assay_families": ["meta_analysis", "machine_learning", "survival_analysis", "statistical_regression", "pca", "molecular_docking", "network_analysis", "differential_expression", "gwas"], "availability_state": "owned", "tier_unlocked": "R1", "candidate": "Automated Assays Laravel application and simulated adapters"}], "gaps": []}, "readiness": {"state": "complete", "tier": "R1", "blocking_axis": "none", "blocked_on": "nothing:replicable_now", "axes": {"method": {"tier": "R1", "expressible": false, "required_operations": [], "missing_operations": ["student_t"], "basis": "The paper names the method it used and the corpus's method extractor maps it onto the DSL catalogue: student_t_test."}, "capability": {"tier": "R1", "capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "availability_state": "owned", "basis": "The computational analysis is owned. The physical bench the paper used is not, so a physical validation cannot be run here."}, "data": {"tier": "R1", "reachable": true, "accessions": ["GSE12452", "GSE53819", "GSE61218"], "resolved_accessions": ["GSE12452", "GSE53819", "GSE61218"], "statements": ["The mRNA expression levels of TPPP3 from the Oncomine database were significantly elevated in colorectal carcinoma and invasive ductal breast carcinoma (Figure 1(a-b)), which is consistent with previous published results [9,11]."], "basis": "The paper names GSE12452, GSE53819, GSE61218 in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the accession resolves in the repository. No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read."}}, "can_run": {"dsl_operations": [], "assets": ["source:pmid:34668461", "data:geo:GSE12452"], "steps": []}, "must_build": {"dsl_operations": [{"operation": "student_t", "unlocks_papers": null, "priority": null}], "converters": [], "readers": [], "capabilities": [], "data_gaps": ["data:geo:GSE12452"]}, "gaps": []}, "review": {"state": "partial", "machine_critique": {"kind": "extraction_review", "reader": {"model": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax", "provider_family": "minimax", "read_at": "2026-11-01T17:04:35Z", "independence": "single_reader"}, "evidence_check": {"method": "verbatim", "availability": null}, "calls": 5, "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 8533, "completion_tokens": 1836, "cached_tokens": 128}}, "human_critique": null, "stages": [{"id": "extraction", "state": "complete", "reader": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax"}], "gaps": ["review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique", "review.human_critique"]}, "execution": {"state": "absent", "status": "not_run", "mode": null, "runs": [], "gaps": ["execution.not_run"]}, "provenance": {"entities": [{"id": "pmid:34668461", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:34668461"}, {"id": "source:pmid:34668461", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 34668461 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE12452", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE12452"}], "activities": [{"id": "activity-reading-sci-2026-11-01", "type": "classification", "used": [{"id": "pmid:34668461", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:34668461"}, {"id": "source:pmid:34668461", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 34668461 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE12452", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE12452"}], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}, {"id": "activity-read-34668461", "type": "extraction", "used": ["source:pmid:34668461"], "agent": "agent:minimax-reader"}, {"id": "activity-resolve-GSE12452", "type": "accession_resolution", "used": ["data:geo:GSE12452"], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}], "agents": [{"id": "agent:corpus-assay-engine", "type": "software", "label": "Corpus assay engine"}, {"id": "agent:minimax-reader", "type": "software", "label": "MiniMax literature reader"}], "source_run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01", "dsl_catalogue_fingerprint": "343fb30756ba6ec3", "capability_table_fingerprint": "2cb3e42f047d2ecf", "snapshot_id": "ba34b49490d9bfaf"}, "lineage": {"parent_id": "pmid:34668461", "parent_hash": "sha256:eb72775158f5ec6eb06a80f8778497845bb6ea8312402bcfb1d5081553606f5a", "fork_of": null, "generation": 4}, "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE12452 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE12452 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE53819 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE53819 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE61218 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE61218 not downloaded", "execution.not_run", "method.student_t", "review.human_critique", "review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique", "step:run_analysis blocked on method:student_t"], "assays": [{"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "qpcr", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["were detected in NPC tissues by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, TPPP3", "ne Expression Omnibus; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR; GFP: green fluorescence protein; MOI, trans"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:590", "id": "assay:1"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "ihc", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.93, "evidence": ["PC tissues by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, TPPP3 was overexpressed in 5-8"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:608", "id": "assay:2"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "transfection", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["in 5-8 F and HONE1 cell lines by lentivirus transfection, and functional analysis of TPPP3 in NPC was", "e PCR; GFP: green fluorescence protein; MOI, transfected multiplicity of infection; CCK-8: cell count"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:712", "id": "assay:3"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "apoptosis_assay", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.93, "evidence": ["MOI, transfected multiplicity of infection; CCK-8: cell counting kit-8; OD: optical density; G"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1824", "id": "assay:4"}, {"role": "analysis", "definition_id": "group_comparison", "definition_version": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"dsl_catalogue": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e"}, "confidence": 1.0, "evidence": ["The GSEA was performed to analyze the biological processes involved in the expression of TPPP3 gene in NPC and the possible related pathways with the molecular functions and biological processes of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)."], "order_basis": "consumes_earlier_output", "id": "assay:5"}]}