S100A2 Is a Prognostic Biomarker Involved in Immune Infiltration and Predict Immunotherapy Response in Pancreatic Cancer.

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It is of great significance to construct an effective prognostic signature of PC and find the novel biomarker for the optimization of the clinical decision-making. Due to the crucial role of immunity in tumor development, a prognostic model based on nine immune-related genes was constructed, which was proved to be effective in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) training set, TCGA testing set, TCGA entire set, GSE78229 set, and GSE62452 set. Furthermore, S100A2 (S100 Calcium Binding Protein A2) was identified as the gene occupying the most paramount position in risk model. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithm revealed that S100A2 was closely associated with the immune status in PC microenvironment, mainly related to lower proportion of CD8+T cells and activated NK cells and higher proportion of M0 macrophages. Meanwhile, patients with high S100A2 expression might get more benefit from immunotherapy according to immunophenoscore algorithm. Afterwards, our independent cohort was also used to demonstrate S100A2 was an unfavorable marker of PC, as well as its remarkably positive correlation with the expression of PD-L1. In conclusion, our results demonstrate S100A2 might be responsible for the preservation of immune-suppressive status in PC microenvironment, which was identified with significant potentiality in predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in PC patients.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Subsequently, Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis was further used to screen out the optimal gene combination for constructing the risk signature.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34887861", "locator": "sections[4] \"Construction and Validation of a Risk Signature Associated With Survival of PC Patients\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Subsequently, Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis was further used to screen out the optimal gene combination for constructing the risk signature."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Material . Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34887861", "locator": "sections[24] \"Data Availability Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Material . Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "The study constructed and validated a nine-immune-related-gene prognostic risk signature for pancreatic cancer and identified S100A2 as the gene occupying the most paramount position in the model.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34887861", "locator": "sections[1] \"Introduction\" paragraph 4", "quote": "In the present study, we constructed a prognostic model based on nine IRGs and the corresponding nomogram, which were proved to be an independent risk factor and was validated in the training set, testing set, entire set, GSE78229 set and GSE62452 set."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:34887861", "locator": "sections[1] \"Introduction\" paragraph 4", "quote": "S100A2 (S100 Calcium Binding Protein A2), a highly conserved elongation factor (EF)-hand calcium-binding protein, was identified as the gene occupying the most paramount position in the risk signature."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "The study constructed and validated a nine-immune-related-gene prognostic risk signature for pancreatic cancer and identified S100A2 as the gene occupying the most paramount position in the model.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:34887861"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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