Identification and Validation of Hub Genes Associated with Bladder Cancer by Integrated Bioinformatics and Experimental Assays.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:34988018", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:f6de4a13ccd43baa25918d9dcdc9231c1d4eba28c83644550433f5f749910e83", "created_at": "2026-11-01T17:36:42Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:05:30Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Identification and Validation of Hub Genes Associated with Bladder Cancer by Integrated Bioinformatics and Experimental Assays.", "doi": "10.3389/fonc.2021.782981", "pmid": "34988018", "authors": ["Kang Chen", "Ji Xing", "Weimin Yu", "Yuqi Xia", "Yunlong Zhang", "Fan Cheng", "Ting Rao"], "journal": "Frontiers in oncology", "year": 2021, "abstract": "Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system and is associated with high morbidity and mortality; however, the molecular mechanism underlying its occurrence is not clear. In this study, the gene expression profile and related clinical information of GSE13507 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) expression data and related clinical information were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Overlapping genes were identified by differential gene expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Then, we carried out functional enrichment analysis to understand the potential biological functions of these co-expressed genes. Finally, we performed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis combined with survival analysis. Using the CytoHubba plug-in of Cytoscape, TROAP, CENPF, PRC1, AURKB, CCNB2, CDC20, TTK, CEP55, ASPM, and CDCA8 were identified as candidate central genes. According to the survival analysis, the high expression of TTK was related to the poor overall survival (OS) of patients with BC. TTK may also affect the bladder tumor microenvironment (TME) by affecting the number of immune cells. The expression level of TTK was verified by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the tumor-promoting effect of TTK in BC cells was confirmed in vitro. Our results also identified the MSC-AS1/hsa-miR-664b-3p/TTK regulatory axis, which may also play an important role in the progression of BC, but further research is needed to verify this result. In summary, our results provide a new idea for accurate early diagnosis, clinical treatment, and prognosis of BC.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "To verify the prognostic value of hub genes, we used the survival package in R software to conduct Kaplan–Meier univariate survival analysis based on the data in TCGA to explore the relationship between overall survival (OS) and hub gene expression.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34988018", "locator": "sections[8] \"Verification of the Prognostic Value of Hub Genes\" paragraph 2", "quote": "To verify the prognostic value of hub genes, we used the survival package in R software to conduct Kaplan–Meier univariate survival analysis based on the data in TCGA to explore the relationship between overall survival (OS) and hub gene expression."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Material . Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34988018", "locator": "sections[31] \"Data Availability Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Material . Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "High TTK expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival in bladder cancer patients (p < 0.05).", "kind": "quantitative", "target": {"value": 0.05, "unit": "p-value", "tolerance": null, "source": "The analysis showed that, among the 10 hub genes, only the expression level of TTK was significantly correlated with OS in BC patients (p < 0.05; Figures 6A–J )."}, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:34988018", "locator": "sections[25] \"Verification of the Prognostic Value of 10 Hub Genes\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The analysis showed that, among the 10 hub genes, only the expression level of TTK was significantly correlated with OS in BC patients (p < 0.05; Figures 6A–J )."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:34988018", "locator": "sections[25] \"Verification of the Prognostic Value of 10 Hub Genes\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Our results showed that the high expression of TTK indicates worse prognosis of patients with BC."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "High TTK expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival in bladder cancer patients (p < 0.05).", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:34988018"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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