SPINK2 is a prognostic biomarker related to immune infiltration in acute myeloid leukemia.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:35173838", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 3, "content_hash": "sha256:722967f866867bef8bae71423e6a59b1728b60666e219d1048e07b240034d6aa", "created_at": "2026-11-01T18:13:53Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T21:27:15Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "partial", "title": "SPINK2 is a prognostic biomarker related to immune infiltration in acute myeloid leukemia.", "doi": null, "pmid": "35173838", "authors": ["Xiaohe Chen", "Lifen Zhao", "Tian Yu", "Jue Zeng", "Ming Chen"], "journal": "American journal of translational research", "year": 2022, "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 2 (SPINK2) has been reported to be involved in certain cancers. We conducted an in-depth investigation on the role and mechanism of SPINK2 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).\nMETHODS: The relationship between SPINK2 expression and AML clinicopathologic characteristics was determined using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Concomitantly, we used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, as well as univariate and multivariate regression analyses to evaluate SPINK2 as a prognostic marker of AML. Additionally, we annotated the enrichment and function of SPINK2 using Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Sets Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to analyze the relationship between SPINK2 expression and immune infiltration.\nRESULTS: SPINK2 expression was significantly higher in AML patients compared to healthy individuals (P<0.001). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve in the GSE9476 dataset was 0.660, whereas that in the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and TCGA datasets was 0.935. In addition, GSEA also showed that several pathways were enriched in the group with high SPINK2 expression, such as PI3K-AKT signaling, PD-L1 expression, and checkpoint pathways. Analysis of immune infiltration showed that SPINK2 expression was correlated with certain immune infiltrating cells. Cox multivariate analysis revealed that the level of SPINK2 was an independent risk factor for the progression of AML (P<0.001). Moreover, age, M1, M5, M6, and CytoRisk-Poor also affected the progression of AML (P<0.05). The C-index of the nomogram in our internal validation was 0.702.\nCONCLUSION: The high expression of SPINK2 in AML suggests that SPINK2 may play an important role in the immune microenvironment and thus could be a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of AML.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Concomitantly, we used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, as well as univariate and multivariate regression analyses to evaluate SPINK2 as a prognostic marker of AML.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35173838", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "Concomitantly, we used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, as well as univariate and multivariate regression analyses to evaluate SPINK2 as a prognostic marker of AML."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The relationship between SPINK2 expression and AML clinicopathologic characteristics was determined using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35173838", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "The relationship between SPINK2 expression and AML clinicopathologic characteristics was determined using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "The high expression of SPINK2 in AML suggests that SPINK2 may play an important role in the immune microenvironment and thus could be a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of AML.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35173838", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "The high expression of SPINK2 in AML suggests that SPINK2 may play an important role in the immune microenvironment and thus could be a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of AML."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": ["doi"]}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "The high expression of SPINK2 in AML suggests that SPINK2 may play an important role in the immune microenvironment and thus could be a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of AML.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:35173838"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE9476"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE9476"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:35173838", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": null, "sha256": "sha256:ce5f62b7055c2687fa94f0635b357614b44f978a6f8817a82a4fad16c204530e", "bytes": 1941, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "35173838", "version": null, "note": "Full article fetched from PMC; the checksum covers the rendered section body, not the original XML bytes.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC8829596", "source": "ncbi_pmc_fulltext", "coverage": "whole_body", "text_hash_scope": "rendered_section_body"}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE9476", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE9476", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE9476", "version": null, "note": "The relationship between SPINK2 expression and AML clinicopathologic characteristics was determined using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "The relationship between SPINK2 expression and AML clinicopathologic characteristics was determined using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database.", "access_statement_kind": "repository_route_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM239170", "GSM239323", "GSM239324", "GSM239326", "GSM239328", "GSM239329", "GSM239331", "GSM239332", "GSM239333", "GSM239334", "GSM239335", "GSM239338", "GSM239339", "GSM239340", "GSM239341", "GSM239342", "GSM239343", "GSM239344", "GSM239345", "GSM239346", "GSM239348", "GSM239363", "GSM239371", "GSM239460", "GSM239485", "GSM239487", "GSM239488", "GSM239489", "GSM239490", "GSM239491", "GSM239492", "GSM239493", "GSM239494", "GSM239495", "GSM239496", "GSM239497", "GSM239498", "GSM239516", "GSM239520", "GSM239580", "GSM240405", "GSM240406", "GSM240427", "GSM240429", "GSM240430", "GSM240431", "GSM240432", "GSM240433", "GSM240494", "GSM240495", "GSM240496", "GSM240497", "GSM240498", "GSM240499", "GSM240500", "GSM240501", "GSM240502", "GSM240503", "GSM240504", "GSM240505", "GSM240506", "GSM240507", "GSM240508", "GSM240509"], "sample_count": 64, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "96", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "Abnormal Expression Changes in AML", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:55Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}], "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE9476 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE9476 licence not read"]}, "analysis": {"state": "complete", "methods": [{"id": "method-1", "family": "survival_analysis", "specific": "kaplan_meier", "label": "Survival analysis", "dsl_operations": ["survival_km"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["time_to_event_with_censoring"], "evidence": {"score": 1.0, "band": "verbatim", "quote": "Concomitantly, we used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, as well as univariate and multivariate regression analyses to evaluate SPINK2 as a prognostic marker of AML."}}], "targets": [], "gaps": []}, "capability": {"state": "complete", "requirements": [{"capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "label": "Computational analysis platform", "assay_families": ["meta_analysis", "machine_learning", "survival_analysis", "statistical_regression", "pca", "molecular_docking", "network_analysis", "differential_expression", "gwas"], "availability_state": "owned", "tier_unlocked": "R1", "candidate": "Automated Assays Laravel application and simulated adapters"}], "gaps": []}, "readiness": {"state": "complete", "tier": "R1", "blocking_axis": "none", "blocked_on": "nothing:replicable_now", "axes": {"method": {"tier": "R1", "expressible": true, "required_operations": ["survival_km"], "missing_operations": [], "basis": "The paper names the method it used and the corpus's method extractor maps it onto the DSL catalogue: kaplan_meier."}, "capability": {"tier": "R1", "capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "availability_state": "owned", "basis": "The computational analysis is owned. 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