Integrative bioinformatics analysis of potential therapeutic targets and immune infiltration characteristics in dilated cardiomyopathy.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:35433958", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:fb4388decf3e5f5226c0d8732c4d8b24512889cc1e7c697d8ac5ffff5b48bc10", "created_at": "2026-11-01T18:14:17Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:06:20Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Integrative bioinformatics analysis of potential therapeutic targets and immune infiltration characteristics in dilated cardiomyopathy.", "doi": "10.21037/atm-22-732", "pmid": "35433958", "authors": ["Yujiao Yang", "Ping Liu", "Ruoling Teng", "Fenfen Liu", "Cuiping Zhang", "Xiang Lu", "Yi Ding"], "journal": "Annals of translational medicine", "year": 2022, "abstract": "Background: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is currently the major cause of systolic heart failure. This study explored potential therapeutic targets and investigated the role of immune cell infiltration in DCM.\nMethods: Three DCM datasets (GSE3585, GSE9800, and GSE84796) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were merged into an integrated dataset, and batch effects were removed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened and the associations between gene co-expression modules and clinical traits were assessed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) in R software. Any DEGs from the integrated dataset overlapped with the significant module genes were defined as common genes (CGs). Enrichment analysis of the CGs was performed. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the CGs was visualized and the hub gene was identified by using Cytoscape 3.8.2 software. The miRNA-transcription factor-mRNA (miRNA-TF-mRNA) network was constructed using Cytoscape to unveil the regulatory relationships in DCM. Finally, the CIBERSORT method (https://cibersort.stanford.edu/) was used to investigate immune cell infiltration in DCM.\nResults: A total of 53 DEGs were identified, and 5 gene co-expression modules were detected by WGCNA of the DCM and control group samples of cardiac tissue. Genes such as FRZB, ASPN, and PHLDA1 were significantly upregulated, whereas IDH2 and ENDOG were significantly downregulated. Functional enrichment analysis showed that CGs were mainly enriched in the extracellular matrix (ECM) signaling pathway. ASPN was the hub gene in the PPI network. The miRNA-TF-mRNA network revealed that FRZB and ASPN were targeted by paired related homeobox 2 (Prrx2). We also found that miR-129-5p could regulate ASPN, PHLDA1, and IDH2 simultaneously. The immune infiltration analysis revealed higher levels of M1 macrophages in DCM samples than in the control samples.\nConclusions: In conclusion, we speculate that miR-129-5p might target ASPN in regulating DCM via the ECM signaling pathway. Macrophage infiltration may be involved in ECM remodeling and eventually lead to DCM.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "WGCNA was performed with the R-language WGCNA package (19).", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35433958", "locator": "sections[5] \"Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA)\" paragraph 2", "quote": "WGCNA was performed with the R-language WGCNA package (19)."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "All data are freely available online, and this study did not involve any experiments conducted on humans or animals.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35433958", "locator": "sections[3] \"Gene expression dataset\" paragraph 2", "quote": "All data are freely available online, and this study did not involve any experiments conducted on humans or animals."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "A total of 53 DEGs were identified, and 5 gene co-expression modules were detected by WGCNA of the DCM and control group samples of cardiac tissue.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35433958", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "A total of 53 DEGs were identified, and 5 gene co-expression modules were detected by WGCNA of the DCM and control group samples of cardiac tissue."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "A total of 53 DEGs were identified, and 5 gene co-expression modules were detected by WGCNA of the DCM and control group samples of cardiac tissue.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:35433958"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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