Apoptosis-Related Signature Predicts Prognosis and Immune Microenvironment Infiltration in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:35571020", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:028e8be96f8cd0ae9dbde47073ed2d4e689d620775fe7934802fd586aa6a64a0", "created_at": "2026-11-01T18:14:27Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:06:31Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Apoptosis-Related Signature Predicts Prognosis and Immune Microenvironment Infiltration in Lung Adenocarcinoma.", "doi": "10.3389/fgene.2022.818403", "pmid": "35571020", "authors": ["Xiaoli Zou", "Rong He", "Zhenzhen Zhang", "Yulan Yan"], "journal": "Frontiers in genetics", "year": 2022, "abstract": "Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), a malignancy with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide, contains multiple genomic and epigenomic abnormalities. And the useful tumor markers associated with these abnormalities need further investigation. Whereas apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death, the expression of apoptosis-related genes in LUAD and its relationship with prognosis is unclear. In the present study, we identified 64 differentially expressed apoptosis-related genes (DEARGs) that were differentially expressed between LUAD tissue and normal lung tissue. Based on these DEARGs, all LUAD cases were classified into two subtypes using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort to assess the prognostic value of apoptosis-related genes for survival. An 11-gene signature was established by applying the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) Cox regression method to construct a multigene prediction model and classify all LUAD patients in the TCGA cohort into high or low AS-score groups. Patients in the low AS-score group had significantly higher survival and prognosis than those in the high AS-score group. Taking the median risk score of the AS-score, LUAD patients in the GSE68465 cohort were divided into two risk groups, low and high. The overall survival (OS) time was longer in the low AS-score group. Combined with clinical characteristics, the AS-score was an independent predictor of LUAD patients. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encylopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that the differential genes between the two groups were mainly enriched in cellular immunity. Further analysis revealed higher immune checkpoint protein expression and higher tumor mutational burden (TMB) in the high AS-score group, suggesting better efficacy of immunotherapy in the high AS-score group than the low AS-score group. And the high AS-score group was better in chemotherapy and targeted therapy efficiency. In conclusion, the AS-score constructed based on apoptosis-related genes can predict the prognosis of LUAD patients and provide some guidance for the antitumor treatment of LUAD patients.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The LASSO-Cox regression model was applied to include 11 of the differential genes with a minimum value of λ(Figures 5B,C).", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35571020", "locator": "sections[15] \"Prognostic Gene Modeling in the TCGA Cohort\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The LASSO-Cox regression model was applied to include 11 of the differential genes with a minimum value of λ(Figures 5B,C)."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The data could be downloaded at (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/, https://xenabrowser.net/, and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/; GSE68465) and the code used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35571020", "locator": "sections[23] \"Data Availability Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The data could be downloaded at (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/, https://xenabrowser.net/, and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/; GSE68465) and the code used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "An 11-gene signature was established by applying the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) Cox regression method to construct a multigene prediction model and classify all LUAD patients in the TCGA cohort into high or low AS-score groups.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35571020", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "An 11-gene signature was established by applying the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) Cox regression method to construct a multigene prediction model and classify all LUAD patients in the TCGA cohort into high or low AS-score groups."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:35571020", "locator": "sections[15] \"Prognostic Gene Modeling in the TCGA Cohort\" paragraph 4", "quote": "We found that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.727 at 1 year, 0.681 at 2 years, and 0.630 at 3 years (Figure 6D)."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "An 11-gene signature was established by applying the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) Cox regression method to construct a multigene prediction model and classify all LUAD patients in the TCGA cohort into high or low AS-score groups.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:35571020"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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