Identification and Validation of Autophagy-Related Genes in Diabetic Retinopathy.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:35574010", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 5, "content_hash": "sha256:2e7303d381dcc58c7b61b7e89c205e1e80683359ffb55f24cf8470026b7e5d73", "created_at": "2026-11-01T18:14:28Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:49:04Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Identification and Validation of Autophagy-Related Genes in Diabetic Retinopathy.", "doi": "10.3389/fendo.2022.867600", "pmid": "35574010", "authors": ["Nan Wang", "Linfeng Wei", "Die Liu", "Quyan Zhang", "Xiaobo Xia", "Lexi Ding", "Siqi Xiong"], "journal": "Frontiers in endocrinology", "year": 2022, "abstract": "Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes, which is associated with damage of blood-retinal barrier and ischemia of retinal vasculature. It devastates visual acuity due to leakage of retinal vessels and aberrant pathological angiogenesis in diabetic patients. The etiology of DR is complex, accumulated studies have shown that autophagy plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DR, but its specific mechanism needs to be further studied.\nMethods: This study chose the online Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) microarray expression profiling dataset GSE146615 to carry on the research. Autophagy-related genes that were potentially differentially expressed in DR were screened by R software. Then, the differentially expressed autophagy-related genes were analyzed by correlation analysis, tissue-specific gene expression, gene-ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Finally, retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) incubated with high glucose (HG) was used to mimic the DR model, and the mRNA level of key genes was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in vitro.\nResults: A total of 23 differentially expressed autophagy-related genes (9 up-regulated genes and 14 down-regulated genes) were identified by differential expression analysis. The analysis of tissue-specific gene expression showed that these differentially expressed autophagy-related genes were enriched in the retina. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed autophagy-related genes were significantly enriched in autophagy-related pathways such as regulation of autophagy and macroautophagy. Then 10 hub genes were identified by PPI network analysis and construction of key modules. Finally, qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression of MAPK3 in the DR model was consistent with the results of bioinformatics analysis of mRNA chip.\nConclusion: Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified 23 potential DR autophagy-related genes, among which the down-regulated expression of MAPK3 may affect the occurrence and development of DR by regulating autophagy. It provides a novel insight into the pathogenesis of DR.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The DEGs related to autophagy were screened by the “limma” package in R software. The genes with P value < 0.05 were considered to be DEGs.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35574010", "locator": "sections[5] \"Differential Expression Analysis of Autophagy-Related Genes\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The DEGs related to autophagy were screened by the “limma” package in R software. The genes with P value < 0.05 were considered to be DEGs."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/ Supplementary Material .", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35574010", "locator": "sections[20] \"Data Availability Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/ Supplementary Material ."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "A total of 23 differentially expressed autophagy-related genes (9 up-regulated genes and 14 down-regulated genes) were identified by differential expression analysis.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35574010", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "A total of 23 differentially expressed autophagy-related genes (9 up-regulated genes and 14 down-regulated genes) were identified by differential expression analysis."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "A total of 23 differentially expressed autophagy-related genes (9 up-regulated genes and 14 down-regulated genes) were identified by differential expression analysis.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:35574010"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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