Cystatin SN promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and serves as a prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:35637432", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:a8160f744c9634859428e3197e82600639ffe9dc48c486cccd6f914e4097236d", "created_at": "2026-11-01T18:14:33Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:06:37Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Cystatin SN promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and serves as a prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma.", "doi": "10.1186/s12885-022-09685-z", "pmid": "35637432", "authors": ["Jian Yang", "Gaomeng Luo", "Chang Li", "Zhunlin Zhao", "Sheng Ju", "Qifan Li", "Zhike Chen", "Cheng Ding", "Xin Tong", "Jun Zhao"], "journal": "BMC cancer", "year": 2022, "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Cystatins are a class of proteins that can inhibit cysteine protease and are widely distributed in human bodily fluids and secretions. Cystatin SN (CST1), a member of the CST superfamily, is abnormally expressed in a variety of tumors. However, its effect on the occurrence and development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear.\nMETHODS: We obtained transcriptome analysis data of CST1 from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GSE31210 databases. The association of CST1 expression with prognosis, gene mutations and tumor immune microenvironment was analyzed using public databases. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed to investigate the potential mechanisms of CST1.\nRESULTS: In this study, we found that CST1 was highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma and was associated with prognosis and tumor immune microenvironment. Genetic mutations of CST1 were shown to be related to disease-free survival (DFS) by using the c-BioPortal tool. Potential proteins binding to CST1 were identified by constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of CST1 revealed that CST1 was notably enriched in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cell experiments confirmed that overexpression of CST1 promoted lung adenocarcinoma cells migration and invasion, while knockdown of CST1 significantly inhibited lung adenocarcinoma cells migration and invasion.\nCONCLUSIONS: Our comprehensive bioinformatics analyses revealed that CST1 may be a novel prognostic biomarker in LUAD. Experiments confirmed that CST1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in LUAD cells. These findings will help to better understand the distinct role of CST1 in LUAD.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Patient samples were divided into two groups (high and low expression) based on median expression to analyze the overall survival (OS) and first progression survival (FP) with HRs with 95% CIs and Log-rank p values.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35637432", "locator": "sections[6] \"Kaplan–Meier Plotter database\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Patient samples were divided into two groups (high and low expression) based on median expression to analyze the overall survival (OS) and first progression survival (FP) with HRs with 95% CIs and Log-rank p values."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The data supporting the conclusions was downloaded from TCGA database (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/) and GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) or from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35637432", "locator": "sections[34] \"notes\" paragraph 1", "quote": "The data supporting the conclusions was downloaded from TCGA database (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/) and GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) or from the corresponding author on reasonable request."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "High CST1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in LUAD, and experimental validation indicates that CST1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion.", "kind": "quantitative", "target": {"value": 0.05, "unit": "p-value", "tolerance": null, "source": "High expression of CST1 was correlated with poor prognosis in terms of OS and relapse-free survival (RFS) (P < 0.05)."}, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:35637432", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "Cell experiments confirmed that overexpression of CST1 promoted lung adenocarcinoma cells migration and invasion, while knockdown of CST1 significantly inhibited lung adenocarcinoma cells migration and invasion."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "High CST1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in LUAD, and experimental validation indicates that CST1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:35637432"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE31210"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE31210"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:35637432", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-022-09685-z", "sha256": 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