LTBP2 inhibits prostate cancer progression and metastasis via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:36034756", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 5, "content_hash": "sha256:1bd9bd041497d1e215951b141107d687347be791da09df258250c9b1ab3a7df7", "created_at": "2026-11-01T18:15:12Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:49:55Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "LTBP2 inhibits prostate cancer progression and metastasis via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.", "doi": "10.3892/etm.2022.11500", "pmid": "36034756", "authors": ["Xiaowen Zhang", "Chuanjie Tian", "Jianbin Cheng", "Weipu Mao", "Menglan Li", "Ming Chen"], "journal": "Experimental and therapeutic medicine", "year": 2022, "abstract": "Biochemical recurrence (BCR) is a cause of concern in advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Thus, novel diagnostic biomarkers are required to improve clinical care. However, research on PCa immunotherapy is also scarce. Hence, the present study aimed to explore promising BCR-related diagnostic biomarkers, and their expression pattern, prognostic value, immune response effects, biological functions, and possible molecular mechanisms were evaluated. GEO datasets (GSE46602, GSE70768, and GSE116918) were downloaded and merged as the training cohort, and differential expression analysis was performed. Lasso regression and SVM-RFE algorithm, as well as PPI analysis and MCODE algorithm, were then applied to filter BCR-related biomarker genes. The CIBERSORT and estimation of stromal and immune cells in malignant tumor tissues using expression data (ESTIMATE) methods were used to calculate the fractions of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. GO/DO enrichment analyses were used to identify the biological functions. The expression of latent transforming growth factor β-binding protein 2 (LTBP2) was determined by RT-qPCR and western blotting. The role of LTBP2 in PCa was determined by CCK-8, Transwell, and the potential mechanism was investigated by KEGG and GSEA and confirmed by western blotting. In total, 44 BCR-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the training cohort were screened. LTBP2 was found to be a diagnostic biomarker of BCR in PCa and was associated with CD4+ T-cell infiltration and response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. Subsequently, using the ESTIMATE algorithm, it was identified that LTBP2 was associated with the tumor microenvironment and could be a predictor of the clinical benefit of immune checkpoint blockade. Finally, the expression and biological function of LTBP2 were evaluated via cellular experiments. The results showed that LTBP2 was downregulated in PCa cells and inhibited PCa proliferation and metastasis via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in vitro. In conclusion, LTBP2 was a promising diagnostic biomarker of BCR of PCa and had an important role in CD4+ T-cell recruitment. Moreover, it was associated with immunotherapy in patients with PCa who developed BCR, and it inhibited PCa proliferation and metastasis via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in vitro.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Differential expression analysis was performed using the Bayesian algorithm (version 3.52.1) of the ‘limma’ package if the criteria adjusted P<0.05 was met", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36034756", "locator": "sections[3] \"Raw data sources, preparation, merging, and differential expression analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Differential expression analysis was performed using the Bayesian algorithm (version 3.52.1) of the ‘limma’ package if the criteria adjusted P<0.05 was met"}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the TCGA and GEO repositories, https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/repository and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE46602; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE70768; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE116918.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36034756", "locator": "sections[29] \"Availability of data and materials\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the TCGA and GEO repositories, https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/repository and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE46602; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE70768; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE116918."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "LTBP2 was found to be a diagnostic biomarker of BCR in PCa and was associated with CD4+ T-cell infiltration and response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36034756", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "LTBP2 was found to be a diagnostic biomarker of BCR in PCa and was associated with CD4+ T-cell infiltration and response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "LTBP2 was found to be a diagnostic biomarker of BCR in PCa and was associated with CD4+ T-cell infiltration and response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:36034756"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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The role of LTBP2 in P", "nding protein 2 (LTBP2) was determined by RT-qPCR and western blotting. The role of LTBP2 in P"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1159", "id": "assay:1"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "western_blot", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["tein 2 (LTBP2) was determined by RT-qPCR and western blotting. The role of LTBP2 in PCa was determined by", "vestigated by KEGG and GSEA and confirmed by western blotting. In total, 44 BCR-related differentially exp"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1171", "id": "assay:2"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "apoptosis_assay", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.93, "evidence": [". The role of LTBP2 in PCa was determined by CCK-8, Transwell, and the potential mechanism was"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1232", "id": "assay:3"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "transfection", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["Materials and methods Cell culture and cell transfection The human prostate cell (RWPE-1; cat. no. SC", "(Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd.) was used for cell transfection according to the manufacturer's protocol (45", "manufacturer's protocol (45). In short, the transfection reagent was added and samples were placed in"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:2407", "id": "assay:4"}, {"role": "analysis", "definition_id": "differential_expression", "definition_version": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "support_state": "supported", "source_hashes": {"dsl_catalogue": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e"}, "confidence": 1.0, "evidence": ["Differential expression analysis was performed using the Bayesian algorithm (version 3.52.1) of the ‘limma’ package if the criteria adjusted P<0.05 was met"], "order_basis": "consumes_earlier_output", "id": "assay:5"}]}