Machine Learning and Novel Biomarkers Associated with Immune Infiltration for the Diagnosis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:36081670", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 5, "content_hash": "sha256:3f05ebfab2e16c96e969d65b76bad150430c5e683214a7d25f3ec568dea79782", "created_at": "2026-11-01T18:15:18Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:50:02Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Machine Learning and Novel Biomarkers Associated with Immune Infiltration for the Diagnosis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.", "doi": "10.1155/2022/6732780", "pmid": "36081670", "authors": ["Jipeng Zhang", "Nian Zhang", "Xin Yang", "Xiangbin Xin", "Cheng-Hui Jia", "Sen Li", "Qiang Lu", "Tao Jiang", "Tao Wang"], "journal": "Journal of oncology", "year": 2022, "abstract": "Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounts for the main esophageal cancer type, which is related to advanced stage and poor survivals. Therefore, novel diagnostic biomarkers are critically needed. In the current research, we aimed to screen novel diagnostic biomarkers based on machine learning. The expression profiles were obtained from GEO datasets (GSE20347, GSE38129, and GSE75241) and TCGA datasets. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened between 47 ESCC and 47 nontumor samples. The LASSO regression model and SVM-RFE analysis were carried out for the identification of potential markers. ROC analysis was carried out to assess discriminatory abilities. The expressions and diagnostic values of the candidates in ESCC were demonstrated in the GSE75241 datasets and TCGA datasets. We also explore the correlations between the critical genes and cancer immune infiltrates using CIBERSORT. In this study, we identified 27 DEGs in ESCC: 5 genes were significantly elevated, and 22 genes were significantly decreased. Based on the results of the SVM-RFE and LASSO regression model, we identified five potential diagnostic biomarkers for ESCC, including GPX3, COL11A1, EREG, MMP1, and MMP12. However, the diagnostic values of only GPX3, MMP1, and MMP12 were confirmed in GSE75241 datasets. Moreover, in TCGA datasets, we further confirmed that GPX3 expression was distinctly decreased in ESCC specimens, while the expression of MMP1 and MMP12 was noticeably increased in ESCC specimens. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that the expression of GPX3, MMP1, and MMP12 was associated with several immune, such as T cells CD8, macrophages M2, macrophages M0, and dendritic cells activated. Overall, our findings suggested GPX3, MMP1, and MMP12 as novel diagnostic marker and correlated with immune infiltrates in ESCC patients.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The DEG analysis was carried out with the help of the Limma program [13]. In order to evaluate the changes in gene expression, an empirical Bayesian methodology was adopted, and moderated t-tests were utilized.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36081670", "locator": "sections[4] \"2.2. Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs)\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The DEG analysis was carried out with the help of the Limma program [13]. In order to evaluate the changes in gene expression, an empirical Bayesian methodology was adopted, and moderated t-tests were utilized."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article. Additional data can be made available from the corresponding author upon request.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36081670", "locator": "sections[20] \"Data Availability\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article. Additional data can be made available from the corresponding author upon request."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "The diagnostic abilities of GPX3, MMP1, and MMP12 in discriminating ESCC from nontumor specimens confirmed excellent diagnostic values, with an AUC of 0.939 (95% CI 0.879–0.986) in MMP12, AUC of 0.959 (95% CI 0.916–0.990) in MMP1, AUC of 0.985 (95% CI 0.963–0.100) in GPX3, AUC of 0.962 (95% CI 0.922–0.990), and AUC of 0.924 (95% CI 0.853–0.979) (Figure 4).", "kind": "quantitative", "target": {"value": 95.0, "unit": "per cent", "tolerance": null, "source": "The diagnostic abilities of GPX3, MMP1, and MMP12 in discriminating ESCC from nontumor specimens confirmed excellent diagnostic values, with an AUC of 0.939 (95% CI 0.879–0.986) in MMP12, AUC of 0.959 (95% CI 0.916–0.990) in MMP1, AUC of 0.985 (95% CI 0.963–0.100) in GPX3, AUC of 0.962 (95% CI 0.922–0.990), and AUC of 0.924 (95% CI 0.853–0.979) (Figure 4)."}, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36081670", "locator": "sections[14] \"3.4. Diagnostic Effectiveness of Novel Biomarkers in ESCC\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The diagnostic abilities of GPX3, MMP1, and MMP12 in discriminating ESCC from nontumor specimens confirmed excellent diagnostic values, with an AUC of 0.939 (95% CI 0.879–0.986) in MMP12, AUC of 0.959 (95% CI 0.916–0.990) in MMP1, AUC of 0.985 (95% CI 0.963–0.100) in GPX3, AUC of 0.962 (95% CI 0.922–0.990), and AUC of 0.924 (95% CI 0.853–0.979) (Figure 4)."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "The diagnostic abilities of GPX3, MMP1, and MMP12 in discriminating ESCC from nontumor specimens confirmed excellent diagnostic values, with an AUC of 0.939 (95% CI 0.879–0.986) in MMP12, AUC of 0.959 (95% CI 0.916–0.990) in MMP1, AUC of 0.985 (95% CI 0.963–0.100) in GPX3, AUC of 0.962 (95% CI 0.922–0.990), and AUC of 0.924 (95% CI 0.853–0.979) (Figure 4).", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:36081670"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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