A network-based pharmacological investigation to identify the mechanistic regulatory pathway of andrographolide against colorectal cancer.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:36110531", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 5, "content_hash": "sha256:1b14673698e9ecc90d25fb52cfae25a10eef8e1bb52d5592b8ebc3cba6ab6c84", "created_at": "2026-11-01T18:15:22Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:50:05Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "A network-based pharmacological investigation to identify the mechanistic regulatory pathway of andrographolide against colorectal cancer.", "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2022.967262", "pmid": "36110531", "authors": ["Balakarthikeyan Janani", "Mayakrishnan Vijayakumar", "Kannappan Priya", "Jin Hee Kim", "Ayman Geddawy", "Mohammad Shahid", "Mahmoud H El-Bidawy", "Sameer Al-Ghamdi", "Mohammed Alsaidan", "Mohammad Hassan Abdelzaher", "Abubucker Peer Mohideen", "Thiyagarajan Ramesh"], "journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology", "year": 2022, "abstract": "Traditional cancer treatments have posed numerous obstacles, including toxicity, multiple drug resistance, and financial cost. On the contrary, bioactive phytochemicals used in complementary alternative medicine have recently increased attention due to their potential to modulate a wide range of molecular mechanisms with a less toxic effect. Therefore, we investigated the potential regulatory mechanisms of andrographolide to treat colorectal cancer (CRC) using a network pharmacology approach. Target genes of andrographolide were retrieved from public databases (PharmMapper, Swiss target prediction, Targetnet, STITCH, and SuperPred), while targets related to CRC were retrieved from disease databases (Genecards and DisGeNet) and expression datasets (GSE32323 and GSE8671) were retrieved from gene expression omnibus (GEO). Protein-protein interaction networks (PPI) were generated using STRING and Cytoscape, and hub genes were identified by topology analysis and MCODE. Annotation of target proteins was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) database DAVID and signaling pathway enrichment analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia and Genome Database (KEGG). Survival and molecular docking analysis for the hub genes revealed three genes (PDGFRA, PTGS2, and MMP9) were involved in the overall survival of CRC patients, and the top three genes with the lowest binding energy include PDGFRA, MET, and MAPK1. MET gene upregulation and PDGFRA and PTGS2 gene downregulation are associated with the survival of CRC patients, as revealed by box plots and correlation analysis. In conclusion, this study has provided the first scientific evidence to support the use of andrographolide to inhibit cellular proliferation, migration, and growth, and induce apoptosis by targeting the hub genes (PDGFRA, PTGS2, MMP9, MAPK1, and MET) involved in CRC migration and invasion.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "To compare the survival rates between the groups with high and low expression, Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted (Figure 7) and a log-rank test applied.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36110531", "locator": "sections[16] \"Survival, expression, and correlation analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "To compare the survival rates between the groups with high and low expression, Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted (Figure 7) and a log-rank test applied."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/supplementary material.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36110531", "locator": "sections[20] \"Data availability statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/supplementary material."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "PTGS2, MAPK1, and MET were associated with overall survival in colorectal cancer patients at p < 0.05.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36110531", "locator": "sections[16] \"Survival, expression, and correlation analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "PTGS2, MAPK1, and MET were among the 19 hub genes with a p value less than 0.05, which indicates that these genes may have a role in colorectal cancer survival."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "PTGS2, MAPK1, and MET were associated with overall survival in colorectal cancer patients at p < 0.05.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:36110531"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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