Sex differences in hepatocellular carcinoma indicated BEX4 as a potential target to improve efficacy of lenvatinib plus immune checkpoint inhibitors.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:36118521", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 5, "content_hash": "sha256:013689543f9c9f74df90948d1b65c302492f23a9f4710331ae153383e8f27eac", "created_at": "2026-11-01T18:15:23Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:50:07Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Sex differences in hepatocellular carcinoma indicated BEX4 as a potential target to improve efficacy of lenvatinib plus immune checkpoint inhibitors.", "doi": "10.7150/jca.73051", "pmid": "36118521", "authors": ["Lu Liu", "Kangkang Yu", "Chong Huang", "Meisi Huo", "Xiaoqi Li", "Ruiqi Yin", "Chuanmiao Liu", "Lu Lu", "Huaping Sun", "Jubo Zhang"], "journal": "Journal of Cancer", "year": 2022, "abstract": "Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer, and significant sex disparities have been observed in HCC. We aim to explore the potential sex-biased mechanisms involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. Methods: Based on TCGA data, we compared clinical features, genetic alterations, and immune cell infiltrations between male and female HCC patients. In addition, we performed sex-based differential expression analysis and functional enrichment analysis. Finally, GSE64041 dataset and another HCC cohort were engaged to validate our findings. Results: Significant differences of genetic alterations and TME were observed between male and female HCC patients. Enhanced metabolism of lipids was associated with hepatocarcinogenesis in men, while ECM-organization-related pathways were correlated to HCC development in women. BEX4 was upregulated in female but downregulated in male HCC patients, and was positively correlated with immune checkpoint molecules and infiltrated immune cell. These findings were further validated in dataset GSE64041 and our HCC cohort. More importantly, a negative correlation was found between BEX4 expression and lenvatinib sensitivity. Conclusion: Distinct biological processes were involved in sex-biased tumorigenesis of HCC. BEX4 can be targeted to improve the efficacy of lenvatinib plus immune checkpoint inhibitors.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Differential expression analysis was performed using R package LIMMA with online tool BART 13, genes with |fold change|≥1.5 and adjusted p<0.05 were considered to be differentially expressed genes.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36118521", "locator": "sections[3] \"Data download and analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Differential expression analysis was performed using R package LIMMA with online tool BART 13, genes with |fold change|≥1.5 and adjusted p<0.05 were considered to be differentially expressed genes."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "RNA-seq, genetic alteration, and clinicopathological data of HCC patients were downloaded from cBioPortal (https://www.cbioportal.org) 12.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36118521", "locator": "sections[3] \"Data download and analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "RNA-seq, genetic alteration, and clinicopathological data of HCC patients were downloaded from cBioPortal (https://www.cbioportal.org) 12."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "Distinct biological processes were involved in sex-biased tumorigenesis of HCC.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36118521", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 4", "quote": "Distinct biological processes were involved in sex-biased tumorigenesis of HCC."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "Distinct biological processes were involved in sex-biased tumorigenesis of HCC.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:36118521"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE64041"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE64041"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:36118521", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.73051", "sha256": 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