Identification and validation of key molecules associated with humoral immune modulation in Parkinson's disease based on bioinformatics.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:36189230", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 5, "content_hash": "sha256:be0d8656b04f2850326699f285617fef400ba88088b1e4eca46ea6169923bd6c", "created_at": "2026-11-01T18:15:29Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:50:13Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Identification and validation of key molecules associated with humoral immune modulation in Parkinson's disease based on bioinformatics.", "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2022.948615", "pmid": "36189230", "authors": ["Na Xing", "Ziye Dong", "Qiaoli Wu", "Pengcheng Kan", "Yuan Han", "Xiuli Cheng", "Biao Zhang"], "journal": "Frontiers in immunology", "year": 2022, "abstract": "Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and immune-mediated mechanism is considered to be crucial to pathogenesis. Here, we investigated the role of humoral immune regulatory molecules in the pathogenesis of PD.\nMethods: Firstly, we performed a series of bioinformatic analyses utilizing the expression profile of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) obtained from the GEO database (GSE100054, GSE49126, and GSE22491) to identify differentially expressed genes related to humoral immune regulatory mechanisms between PD and healthy controls. Subsequently, we verified the results using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in clinical blood specimen. Lastly, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the diagnostic effects of verified molecules.\nResults: We obtained 13 genes that were mainly associated with immune-related biological processes in PD using bioinformatic analysis. Then, we selected PPBP, PROS1, and LCN2 for further exploration. Fascinatingly, our experimental results don't always coincide with the expression profile. PROS1 and LCN2 plasma levels were significantly higher in PD patients compared to controls (p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001). However, the PPBP plasma level and expression in the PBMC of PD patients was significantly decreased compared to controls (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01). We found that PPBP, PROS1, and LCN2 had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.663 (95%CI: 0.551-0.776), 0.674 (95%CI: 0.569-0.780), and 0.885 (95%CI: 0.814-0.955). Furthermore, in the biological process analysis of gene ontology (GO), the three molecules were all involved in humoral immune response (GO:0006959).\nConclusions: In general, PPBP, PROS1, and LCN2 were identified and validated to be related to PD and PPBP, LCN2 may potentially be biomarkers or therapeutic targets for PD. Our findings also provide some new insights on the humoral immune modulation mechanisms in PD.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "A linear model was employed to assess the differential expression between PD patients and healthy controls using an R package called “limma” (19). Benjamini and Hochberg’s method (BH) was used to control the false discovery rate across all the genes.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36189230", "locator": "sections[4] \"Differentially expressed gene identification\" paragraph 2", "quote": "A linear model was employed to assess the differential expression between PD patients and healthy controls using an R package called “limma” (19). Benjamini and Hochberg’s method (BH) was used to control the false discovery rate across all the genes."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Materials . Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36189230", "locator": "sections[21] \"Data availability statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Materials . Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "In general, PPBP, PROS1, and LCN2 were identified and validated to be related to PD and PPBP, LCN2 may potentially be biomarkers or therapeutic targets for PD.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36189230", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 4", "quote": "In general, PPBP, PROS1, and LCN2 were identified and validated to be related to PD and PPBP, LCN2 may potentially be biomarkers or therapeutic targets for PD."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "In general, PPBP, PROS1, and LCN2 were identified and validated to be related to PD and PPBP, LCN2 may potentially be biomarkers or therapeutic targets for PD.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:36189230"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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