Immunogenic cell death-related classifications in breast cancer identify precise immunotherapy biomarkers and enable prognostic stratification.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:36437951", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 2, "content_hash": "sha256:7451cea27e2a93862a95a310ce2164bbb0277d22a5cf8e8f6c6bb1508e9f77cf", "created_at": "2026-11-01T19:00:54Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T21:29:32Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Immunogenic cell death-related classifications in breast cancer identify precise immunotherapy biomarkers and enable prognostic stratification.", "doi": "10.3389/fgene.2022.1052720", "pmid": "36437951", "authors": ["Xue Wang", "Hailiang Huang", "Xijian Liu", "Jiuwei Li", "Lu Wang", "Ling Li", "Yaxing Li", "Tao Han"], "journal": "Frontiers in genetics", "year": 2022, "abstract": "Background: Immunogenic cell death (ICD) remodels the tumor immune microenvironment, plays an inherent role in tumor cell apoptosis, and promotes durable protective antitumor immunity. Currently, appropriate biomarker-based ICD immunotherapy for breast cancer (BC) is under active exploration. Methods: To determine the potential link between ICD genes and the clinical risk of BC, TCGA-BC was used as the training set and GSE58812 was used as the validation set. Gene expression, consistent clustering, enrichment analysis, and mutation omics analyses were performed to analyze the potential biological pathways of ICD genes involved in BC. Furthermore, a risk and prognosis model of ICD was constructed to evaluate the correlation between risk grade and immune infiltration, clinical stage, and survival prognosis. Results: We identified two ICD-related subtypes by consistent clustering and found that the C2 subtype was associated with good survival prognosis, abundant immune cell infiltration, and high activity of immune biological processes. Based on this, we constructed and validated an ICD risk and prognosis model of BC, including ATG5, HSP90AA1, PIK3CA, EIF2AK3, MYD88, IL1R1, and CD8A. This model can effectively predict the survival rate of patients with BC and is negatively correlated with the immune microenvironment and clinical stage. Conclusion: This study provides new insights into the role of ICD in BC. The novel classification risk model based on ICD in BC established in this study can aid in estimating the potential prognosis of patients with BC and the clinical outcomes of immunotherapy and postulates targets that are more useful in comprehensive treatment strategies.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "ConsensusClusterPlus was used for combining BC mRNA expression and ICD-related genes for cluster analysis.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36437951", "locator": "sections[4] \"Identification of the immunogenic cell death subtypes\" paragraph 2", "quote": "ConsensusClusterPlus was used for combining BC mRNA expression and ICD-related genes for cluster analysis."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36437951", "locator": "sections[18] \"Data availability statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "Consensus clustering identified two immunogenic cell death-associated breast cancer subtypes, with C2 associated with favorable survival, abundant immune-cell infiltration, and high immune-biological activity.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36437951", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "We identified two ICD-related subtypes by consistent clustering and found that the C2 subtype was associated with good survival prognosis, abundant immune cell infiltration, and high activity of immune biological processes."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "Consensus clustering identified two immunogenic cell death-associated breast cancer subtypes, with C2 associated with favorable survival, abundant immune-cell infiltration, and high immune-biological activity.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:36437951"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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