The prognosis of bladder cancer is affected by fatty acid metabolism, inflammation, and hypoxia.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:36479065", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 3, "content_hash": "sha256:47209be7fd8171c47b7a891f3ba0706d16e5dcf3fce3314eee2ff1316dfaf5cc", "created_at": "2026-11-01T19:00:58Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:08:15Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "The prognosis of bladder cancer is affected by fatty acid metabolism, inflammation, and hypoxia.", "doi": "10.3389/fonc.2022.916850", "pmid": "36479065", "authors": ["Yu Xiao", "Junfeng Yang", "Maolin Yang", "Jinjun Len", "Yanhong Yu"], "journal": "Frontiers in oncology", "year": 2022, "abstract": "Background: The prognosis of bladder cancer (BC) is poor, and there is no effective personalized management method for BC patients at present. Developing an accurate model is helpful to make treatment plan and prognosis analysis for BC patients. Endogenous fatty acid metabolism causes cancer cells to become hypoxic, and the coexistence of hypoxia and inflammation is often characteristic of cancer. All three together influence the tumor immune microenvironment, treatment, and prognosis of BC.\nMethods: We used The Cancer Genome Atlas-Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma (TCGA-BLAC) cohorts as a train group to build a risk model based on fatty acid metabolism, hypoxia and inflammation-related gene signatures and performed external validation with GSE13507, GSE31684, and GSE39281 cohorts. We validated the model to correlate with the clinicopathological characteristics of patients, created an accuracy nomogram, and explored the differences in immune microenvironment and enrichment pathways.\nResults: We found significant differences in overall survival and progression-free survival between high- and low-risk groups, and patients in the low-risk group had a better prognosis than those in the high-risk group. In the train group, the AUCs for predicting overall survival at 1, 3, and 5 years were 0.745, 0.712, and 0.729, respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival AUCs were 0.589, 0.672, and 0.666 in the external validation group, respectively. The risk score independently predicted the prognosis of BC patients with AUCs of 0.729. In addition, there was a significant correlation between risk scores and BC clinicopathological features and, in the GSE13507 cohort, we observed that BC progression and deeper invasion were associated with higher risk scores. Risk scores were highly correlated with coproptosis, pyroptosis, m7G, immune checkpoint-related genes, and immune microenvironment. In addition, we found that patients in the low-risk group responded better to immunotherapy, whereas patients in the high-risk group were more sensitive to commonly used chemotherapy drugs.\nConclusion: Our findings provide new treatment decisions for BC, and can effectively predict the prognosis of BC patients, which is helpful for the management of BC patients.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that risk scores were good predictors of overall survival in BC patients ( Figures 3F, G ), and we performed external validation ( Figures 3H, I ).", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36479065", "locator": "sections[16] \"Prognostic analysis of risk score\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that risk scores were good predictors of overall survival in BC patients ( Figures 3F, G ), and we performed external validation ( Figures 3H, I )."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/ Supplementary Material .", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36479065", "locator": "sections[26] \"Data availability statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/ Supplementary Material ."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "We found significant differences in overall survival and progression-free survival between high- and low-risk groups, and patients in the low-risk group had a better prognosis than those in the high-risk group.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36479065", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "We found significant differences in overall survival and progression-free survival between high- and low-risk groups, and patients in the low-risk group had a better prognosis than those in the high-risk group."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:36479065", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "In the train group, the AUCs for predicting overall survival at 1, 3, and 5 years were 0.745, 0.712, and 0.729, respectively."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:36479065", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival AUCs were 0.589, 0.672, and 0.666 in the external validation group, respectively."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "We found significant differences in overall survival and progression-free survival between high- and low-risk groups, and patients in the low-risk group had a better prognosis than those in the high-risk group.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:36479065"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE13507"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE13507"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:36479065", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.916850", "sha256": "sha256:221f4af702823d88556a7c67e7d76efaae3281ccf80e17f6e5bd83a686b258b9", "bytes": 46909, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "10.3389/fonc.2022.916850", "version": null, "note": "Full article fetched from PMC; the checksum covers the rendered section body, not the original XML bytes.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC9720300", "source": "europe_pmc_fulltext", "coverage": "whole_body", "text_hash_scope": "rendered_section_body"}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE13507", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE13507", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE13507", "version": null, "note": "The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. 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