Sodium New Houttuyfonate Induces Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells via ROS/PDK1/AKT/GSK3β Axis.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:36900408", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:7aeb8c62f2bd89beb02c1f6da066db3871ec2af3c95f4d2af92ca53c878dd0bd", "created_at": "2026-11-01T19:01:32Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:51:27Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Sodium New Houttuyfonate Induces Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells via ROS/PDK1/AKT/GSK3β Axis.", "doi": "10.3390/cancers15051614", "pmid": "36900408", "authors": ["Lixin He", "Huili Feng", "Baoyi Yin", "Wenxuan Li", "Xiao Wang", "Talha Umar", "Hongbo Gao", "Ning Zhou", "Changwei Qiu"], "journal": "Cancers", "year": 2023, "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Sodium new houttuyfonate (SNH) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer effects. However, few studies have investigated the effect of SNH on breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SNH has therapeutic potential for targeting breast cancer.\nMETHODS: Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were used to examine the expression of proteins, flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis and ROS levels, and transmission electron microscopy was used to observe mitochondria.\nRESULTS: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between breast cancer-related gene expression profiles (GSE139038 and GSE109169) from GEO DataSets were mainly involved in the immune signaling pathway and the apoptotic signaling pathway. According to in vitro experiments, SNH significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of MCF-7 (human cells) and CMT-1211 (canine cells) and promoted apoptosis. To explore the reason for the above cellular changes, it was found that SNH induced the excessive production of ROS, resulting in mitochondrial impairment, and then promoted apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of the PDK1-AKT-GSK3β pathway. Tumor growth, as well as lung and liver metastases, were suppressed under SNH treatment in a mouse breast tumor model.\nCONCLUSIONS: SNH significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasiveness of breast cancer cells and may have significant therapeutic potential in breast cancer.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Differences between groups were calculated using one-way ANOVA or nonlinear regression (GraphPad Prism 8).", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36900408", "locator": "sections[16] \"2.14. Statistical Analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Differences between groups were calculated using one-way ANOVA or nonlinear regression (GraphPad Prism 8)."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets generated and analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. All data and materials, as well as software applications, support their published claims and comply with field standards.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36900408", "locator": "sections[32] \"Data Availability Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets generated and analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. All data and materials, as well as software applications, support their published claims and comply with field standards."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "SNH significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasiveness of breast cancer cells and may have significant therapeutic potential in breast cancer.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:36900408", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 2", "quote": "SNH significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasiveness of breast cancer cells and may have significant therapeutic potential in breast cancer."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "SNH significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasiveness of breast cancer cells and may have significant therapeutic potential in breast cancer.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:36900408"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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To explore the reason for the above cellula", "mitochondrial impairment, and then promoted apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of the PDK1-AKT"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:0", "id": "assay:1"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "ihc", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.93, "evidence": ["ential for targeting breast cancer. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were used to exami"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:368", "id": "assay:2"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "western_blot", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["st cancer. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were used to examine the expression", "e/10.3390/cancers15051614/s1, Figure S1: The western blot original images. Click here for additional d"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:393", "id": "assay:3"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "flow_cytometry", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.93, "evidence": ["used to examine the expression of proteins, flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis and ROS le"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:465", "id": "assay:4"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "cell_culture", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["roliferation, migration, and invasiveness of MCF-7 (human cells) and CMT-1211 (canine cells) an", "al University) were used in this study. Both cell lines were cultured in DMEM (Gibco) medium containing 10% fetal", "ere used in this study. Both cell lines were cultured in DMEM (Gibco) medium containing 10% fetal bov", ". Cell Culture Human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (kindly donated by Zhiqiang Dong Laboratory"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:949", "id": "assay:5"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "animal_model", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.69, "evidence": ["es, were suppressed under SNH treatment in a mouse breast tumor model. CONCLUSIONS: SNH signifi"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:1358", "id": "assay:6"}, {"role": "analysis", "definition_id": "group_comparison", "definition_version": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": ["group_summary", "welch_t", "bootstrap_mean_difference", "group_comparison_anova"], "support_state": "supported", "source_hashes": {"dsl_catalogue": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e"}, "confidence": 1.0, "evidence": ["Differences between groups were calculated using one-way ANOVA or nonlinear regression (GraphPad Prism 8)."], "order_basis": "consumes_earlier_output", "id": "assay:7"}]}