Identification of immune-related genes contributing to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma development using weighted gene co-expression network analysis.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:37092360", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:83afa6eb7da44286cf12a2c8f85a8d7f29867d7b8bff30062d929317d677a5c5", "created_at": "2026-11-01T19:01:46Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:51:46Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Identification of immune-related genes contributing to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma development using weighted gene co-expression network analysis.", "doi": "10.1002/cnr2.1808", "pmid": "37092360", "authors": ["Qiaojuan Guo", "Tianzhu Lu", "Hanchuan Xu", "Qingfeng Luo", "Zhiliang Liu", "Sicong Jiang", "Jianji Pan", "Shaojun Lin", "Mengyao Lin", "Fang Guo"], "journal": "Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)", "year": 2023, "abstract": "BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify genes related to the degree of immune cell infiltration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), explore their new biological functions, and evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic value in HNSCC.\nMETHODS: Transcriptomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC dataset was used to screen differentially expressed genes between tumors and normal tissues, followed by weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to identify immune-related modules. Differential gene expression, immune cell infiltration, and survival analyses were performed to screen key genes. The expression of these key genes was validated in Oncomine and gene expression omnibus (GEO) datasets and by immunohistochemistry (IHC).\nRESULTS: 1869 and 1578 genes were significantly upregulated and downregulated in HNSCC. WGCNA showed that the brown module was associated with the most significant number of immune-related genes. PPI network analysis demonstrated that PPL, SCEL, KRT4, KRT24, KRT78, KRT13, SPRR3, TGM3, CRCT1, and CRNN were key components in the brown module. Furthermore, the expression levels of KRT4, KRT78, KRT13, and SPRR3 in HNSCC correlated with infiltration levels of CD8+ T cells and macrophages. Survival analyses revealed that the expression of KRT78, KRT13, and SPRR3 in HNSCC correlated with overall survival (OS). The IHC assay indicated that KRT13 (p = .042), KRT78 (p < .001), and SPRR3 (p = .022) protein expression levels in HNSCC were significantly lower than in normal tissues. Analysis of GSE65858 and GSE41613 datasets showed that a worse OS was associated with low expression of KRT78 (p = .0086, and p = .005) and SPRR3 (p = .017, and p = .02).\nCONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that KRT4, KRT78, KRT13, and SPRR3 are related to the occurrence and development of HNSCC. Importantly, KRT78 and SPRR3 might serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of HNSCC.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "We used DESeq2 13 to analyze the differential expression of genes in the transcriptomic data of TCGA HNSCC database. WGCNA 16 was used to identify co‐expressed gene modules in DEGs and convert the adjacency matrix into a topological overlap matrix (TOM). Survival curves were drawn using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences between groups were assessed using the log‐rank test.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:37092360", "locator": "sections[3] \"Data collection and preprocessing\" paragraph 2", "quote": "We used DESeq2 13 to analyze the differential expression of genes in the transcriptomic data of TCGA HNSCC database."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:37092360", "locator": "sections[4] \"Weighted correlation network analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "WGCNA 16 was used to identify co‐expressed gene modules in DEGs and convert the adjacency matrix into a topological overlap matrix (TOM)."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:37092360", "locator": "sections[10] \"Statistical analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Survival curves were drawn using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences between groups were assessed using the log‐rank test."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:37092360", "locator": "sections[23] \"DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "Our findings suggest that KRT4, KRT78, KRT13, and SPRR3 are related to the occurrence and development of HNSCC. Importantly, KRT78 and SPRR3 might serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of HNSCC.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:37092360", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 4", "quote": "Our findings suggest that KRT4, KRT78, KRT13, and SPRR3 are related to the occurrence and development of HNSCC. Importantly, KRT78 and SPRR3 might serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of HNSCC."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "Our findings suggest that KRT4, KRT78, KRT13, and SPRR3 are related to the occurrence and development of HNSCC. Importantly, KRT78 and SPRR3 might serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of HNSCC.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:37092360"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE41613"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE41613"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:37092360", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1808", "sha256": "sha256:75179e5cb35a52b7d7e3756c64be55a04c4182dbba6f6a1818368dac12b48678", "bytes": 26704, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "10.1002/cnr2.1808", "version": null, "note": "Full article fetched from PMC; the checksum covers the rendered section body, not the original XML bytes.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC10172170", "source": "europe_pmc_fulltext", "coverage": "whole_body_without_references", "text_hash_scope": "rendered_section_body"}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE41613", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE41613", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE41613", "version": null, "note": "The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "access_statement_kind": "data_availability_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM1020099", "GSM1020100", "GSM1020101", "GSM1020102", "GSM1020103", "GSM1020104", "GSM1020105", "GSM1020106", "GSM1020107", "GSM1020108", "GSM1020109", "GSM1020110", "GSM1020111", "GSM1020112", "GSM1020113", "GSM1020114", "GSM1020115", "GSM1020116", "GSM1020117", "GSM1020118", "GSM1020119", "GSM1020120", "GSM1020121", "GSM1020122", "GSM1020123", "GSM1020124", "GSM1020125", "GSM1020126", "GSM1020127", "GSM1020128", "GSM1020129", "GSM1020130", "GSM1020131", "GSM1020132", "GSM1020133", "GSM1020134", "GSM1020135", "GSM1020136", "GSM1020137", "GSM1020138", "GSM1020139", "GSM1020140", "GSM1020141", "GSM1020142", "GSM1020143", "GSM1020144", "GSM1020145", "GSM1020146", "GSM1020147", "GSM1020148", "GSM1020149", "GSM1020150", "GSM1020151", "GSM1020152", "GSM1020153", "GSM1020154", "GSM1020155", "GSM1020156", "GSM1020157", "GSM1020158", "GSM1020159", "GSM1020160", "GSM1020161", "GSM1020162", "GSM1020163", "GSM1020164", "GSM1020165", "GSM1020166", "GSM1020167", "GSM1020168", "GSM1020169", "GSM1020170", "GSM1020171", "GSM1020172", "GSM1020173", "GSM1020174", "GSM1020175", "GSM1020176", "GSM1020177", "GSM1020178", "GSM1020179", "GSM1020180", "GSM1020181", "GSM1020182", "GSM1020183", "GSM1020184", "GSM1020185", "GSM1020186", "GSM1020187", "GSM1020188", "GSM1020189", "GSM1020190", "GSM1020191", "GSM1020192", "GSM1020193", "GSM1020194", "GSM1020195"], "sample_count": 97, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "570", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "A 13-gene signature prognostic of HPV-negative OSCC: discovery and external validation", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:54Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE65858", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE65858", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE65858", "version": null, "note": "The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "access_statement_kind": "data_availability_statement", "sample_accessions": ["GSM1607684", "GSM1607685", "GSM1607686", "GSM1607687", "GSM1607688", "GSM1607689", "GSM1607690", "GSM1607691", "GSM1607692", "GSM1607693", "GSM1607694", "GSM1607695", "GSM1607696", "GSM1607697", "GSM1607698", "GSM1607699", "GSM1607700", "GSM1607701", "GSM1607702", "GSM1607703", "GSM1607704", "GSM1607705", "GSM1607706", "GSM1607707", "GSM1607708", "GSM1607709", "GSM1607710", "GSM1607711", "GSM1607712", "GSM1607713", "GSM1607714", "GSM1607715", "GSM1607716", "GSM1607717", "GSM1607718", "GSM1607719", "GSM1607720", "GSM1607721", "GSM1607722", "GSM1607723", "GSM1607724", "GSM1607725", "GSM1607726", "GSM1607727", "GSM1607728", "GSM1607729", "GSM1607730", "GSM1607731", "GSM1607732", "GSM1607733", "GSM1607734", "GSM1607735", "GSM1607736", "GSM1607737", "GSM1607738", "GSM1607739", "GSM1607740", "GSM1607741", "GSM1607742", "GSM1607743", "GSM1607744", "GSM1607745", "GSM1607746", "GSM1607747", "GSM1607748", "GSM1607749", "GSM1607750", "GSM1607751", "GSM1607752", "GSM1607753", "GSM1607754", "GSM1607755", "GSM1607756", "GSM1607757", "GSM1607758", "GSM1607759", "GSM1607760", "GSM1607761", "GSM1607762", "GSM1607763", "GSM1607764", "GSM1607765", "GSM1607766", "GSM1607767", "GSM1607768", "GSM1607769", "GSM1607770", "GSM1607771", "GSM1607772", "GSM1607773", "GSM1607774", "GSM1607775", "GSM1607776", "GSM1607777", "GSM1607778", "GSM1607779", "GSM1607780", "GSM1607781", "GSM1607782", "GSM1607783", "GSM1607784", "GSM1607785", "GSM1607786", "GSM1607787", "GSM1607788", "GSM1607789", "GSM1607790", "GSM1607791", "GSM1607792", "GSM1607793", "GSM1607794", "GSM1607795", "GSM1607796", "GSM1607797", "GSM1607798", "GSM1607799", "GSM1607800", "GSM1607801", "GSM1607802", "GSM1607803", "GSM1607804", "GSM1607805", "GSM1607806", "GSM1607807", "GSM1607808", "GSM1607809", "GSM1607810", "GSM1607811", "GSM1607812", "GSM1607813", "GSM1607814", "GSM1607815", "GSM1607816", "GSM1607817", "GSM1607818", "GSM1607819", "GSM1607820", "GSM1607821", "GSM1607822", "GSM1607823", "GSM1607824", "GSM1607825", "GSM1607826", "GSM1607827", "GSM1607828", "GSM1607829", "GSM1607830", "GSM1607831", "GSM1607832", "GSM1607833", "GSM1607834", "GSM1607835", "GSM1607836", "GSM1607837", "GSM1607838", "GSM1607839", "GSM1607840", "GSM1607841", "GSM1607842", "GSM1607843", "GSM1607844", "GSM1607845", "GSM1607846", "GSM1607847", "GSM1607848", "GSM1607849", "GSM1607850", "GSM1607851", "GSM1607852", "GSM1607853", "GSM1607854", "GSM1607855", "GSM1607856", "GSM1607857", "GSM1607858", "GSM1607859", "GSM1607860", "GSM1607861", "GSM1607862", "GSM1607863", "GSM1607864", "GSM1607865", "GSM1607866", "GSM1607867", "GSM1607868", "GSM1607869", "GSM1607870", "GSM1607871", "GSM1607872", "GSM1607873", "GSM1607874", "GSM1607875", "GSM1607876", "GSM1607877", "GSM1607878", "GSM1607879", "GSM1607880", "GSM1607881", "GSM1607882", "GSM1607883", "GSM1607884", "GSM1607885", "GSM1607886", "GSM1607887", "GSM1607888", "GSM1607889", "GSM1607890", "GSM1607891", "GSM1607892", "GSM1607893", "GSM1607894", "GSM1607895", "GSM1607896", "GSM1607897", "GSM1607898", "GSM1607899", "GSM1607900", "GSM1607901", "GSM1607902", "GSM1607903", "GSM1607904", "GSM1607905", "GSM1607906", "GSM1607907", "GSM1607908", "GSM1607909", "GSM1607910", "GSM1607911", "GSM1607912", "GSM1607913", "GSM1607914", "GSM1607915", "GSM1607916", "GSM1607917", "GSM1607918", "GSM1607919", "GSM1607920", "GSM1607921", "GSM1607922", "GSM1607923", "GSM1607924", "GSM1607925", "GSM1607926", "GSM1607927", "GSM1607928", "GSM1607929", "GSM1607930", "GSM1607931", "GSM1607932", "GSM1607933", "GSM1607934", "GSM1607935", "GSM1607936", "GSM1607937", "GSM1607938", "GSM1607939", "GSM1607940", "GSM1607941", "GSM1607942", "GSM1607943", "GSM1607944", "GSM1607945", "GSM1607946", "GSM1607947", "GSM1607948", "GSM1607949", "GSM1607950", "GSM1607951", "GSM1607952", "GSM1607953"], "sample_count": 270, "group_sizes": null, "group_sizes_basis": null, "platform": "10558", "taxon": "Homo sapiens", "title": "Gene expression patterns and TP53 mutations are associated with HPV RNA status, lymph node metastasis, and survival in head and neck cancer", "resolution_checked_at": "2026-11-01T15:39:55Z", "resolution_check": "identifier_resolution_only_no_download_no_licence_read", "downloaded": false, "licence_read": false}}], "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE41613 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE41613 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE65858 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE65858 licence not read"]}, "analysis": {"state": "partial", "methods": [{"id": "method-1", "family": "survival_analysis", "specific": "log_rank_test", "label": "Survival analysis", "dsl_operations": ["logrank_test"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["time_to_event_with_censoring"], "evidence": {"score": 1.0, "band": "reordered", "quote": "We used DESeq2 13 to analyze the differential expression of genes in the transcriptomic data of TCGA HNSCC database. WGCNA 16 was used to identify co‐expressed gene modules in DEGs and convert the adjacency matrix into a topological overlap matrix (TOM). Survival curves were drawn using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences between groups were assessed using the log‐rank test."}}, {"id": "method-2", "family": "group_comparison", "specific": "wilcoxon", "label": "Group comparison", "dsl_operations": [], "missing_operations": ["group_comparison_wilcoxon"], "expressible": false, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["two_or_more_groups_continuous"], "evidence": {"score": 0.8, "band": "high", "quote": "Wilcoxon"}}, {"id": "method-3", "family": "differential_expression", "specific": "deseq2", "label": "Differential expression analysis", "dsl_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["count_matrix_with_condition"], "evidence": {"score": 0.8, "band": "high", "quote": "DESeq2"}}, {"id": "method-4", "family": "network_analysis", "specific": "ppi_network", "label": "Network / pathway analysis", "dsl_operations": ["build_graph", "centrality_scores", "pathway_enrich"], "missing_operations": [], "expressible": true, "parameters": {}, "data_shapes": ["edge_list"], "evidence": {"score": 0.7, "band": "medium", "quote": "PPI"}}], "targets": [], "gaps": ["method.reader_differs_from_extractor"]}, "capability": {"state": "complete", "requirements": [{"capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "label": "Computational analysis platform", "assay_families": ["meta_analysis", "machine_learning", "survival_analysis", "statistical_regression", "pca", "molecular_docking", "network_analysis", "differential_expression", "gwas"], "availability_state": "owned", "tier_unlocked": "R1", "candidate": "Automated Assays Laravel application and simulated adapters"}], "gaps": []}, "readiness": {"state": "complete", "tier": "R1", "blocking_axis": "none", "blocked_on": "nothing:replicable_now", "axes": {"method": {"tier": "R1", "expressible": true, "required_operations": ["logrank_test"], "missing_operations": [], "basis": "The paper names the method it used and the corpus's method extractor maps it onto the DSL catalogue: log_rank_test."}, "capability": {"tier": "R1", "capability_id": "capability:computational_analysis", "availability_state": "owned", "basis": "The computational analysis is owned. The physical bench the paper used is not, so a physical validation cannot be run here."}, "data": {"tier": "R1", "reachable": true, "accessions": ["GSE65858", "GSE41613"], "resolved_accessions": ["GSE65858", "GSE41613"], "statements": ["The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request."], "basis": "The paper names GSE65858, GSE41613 in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the accession resolves in the repository. No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read."}}, "can_run": {"dsl_operations": ["logrank_test"], "assets": ["source:pmid:37092360", "data:geo:GSE41613"], "steps": ["run_analysis"]}, "must_build": {"dsl_operations": [], "converters": [], "readers": [], "capabilities": [], "data_gaps": ["data:geo:GSE41613"]}, "gaps": []}, "review": {"state": "partial", "machine_critique": {"kind": "extraction_review", "reader": {"model": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax", "provider_family": "minimax", "read_at": "2026-11-01T18:37:43Z", "independence": "single_reader"}, "evidence_check": {"method": "reordered", "availability": "verbatim"}, "calls": 5, "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 8366, "completion_tokens": 2087, "cached_tokens": 128}}, "human_critique": null, "stages": [{"id": "extraction", "state": "complete", "reader": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax"}], "gaps": ["review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique", "review.human_critique"]}, "execution": {"state": "absent", "status": "not_run", "mode": null, "runs": [], "gaps": ["execution.not_run"]}, "provenance": {"entities": [{"id": "pmid:37092360", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:37092360"}, {"id": "source:pmid:37092360", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 37092360 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE41613", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE41613"}], "activities": [{"id": "activity-reading-sci-2026-11-01", "type": "classification", "used": [{"id": "pmid:37092360", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:37092360"}, {"id": "source:pmid:37092360", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 37092360 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE41613", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE41613"}], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}, {"id": "activity-read-37092360", "type": "extraction", "used": ["source:pmid:37092360"], "agent": "agent:minimax-reader"}, {"id": "activity-resolve-GSE41613", "type": "accession_resolution", "used": ["data:geo:GSE41613"], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}], "agents": [{"id": "agent:corpus-assay-engine", "type": "software", "label": "Corpus assay engine"}, {"id": "agent:minimax-reader", "type": "software", "label": "MiniMax literature reader"}], "source_run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01", "dsl_catalogue_fingerprint": "343fb30756ba6ec3", "capability_table_fingerprint": "2cb3e42f047d2ecf", "snapshot_id": "ba34b49490d9bfaf"}, "lineage": {"parent_id": "pmid:37092360", "parent_hash": "sha256:b91c89be094d31235171e45fe8e66693d4550082434cee316b114e6330c55047", "fork_of": null, "generation": 3}, "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE41613 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE41613 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE65858 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE65858 not downloaded", "execution.not_run", "method.reader_differs_from_extractor", "review.human_critique", "review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique"], "assays": [{"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "rna_seq", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["stic and prognostic value in HNSCC. METHODS: Transcriptomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNS", "ucted a comprehensive integrated analysis of transcriptomic and clinical data of HNSCC patients from TCG", "rrence of HNSCC, we performed WGCNA based on transcriptomic data. Using a soft‐threshold of 4 (Figure 4A"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:369", "id": "assay:1"}, {"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "ihc", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["ene expression omnibus (GEO) datasets and by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: 1869 and 1578 genes were sig", "(GEO) datasets and by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: 1869 and 1578 genes were signific", "C correlated with overall survival (OS). The IHC assay indicated that KRT13 (p = .042), KRT78"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:842", "id": "assay:2"}, {"role": "analysis", "definition_id": "survival_analysis", "definition_version": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": ["logrank_test"], "support_state": "supported", "source_hashes": {"dsl_catalogue": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e"}, "confidence": 1.0, "evidence": ["We used DESeq2 13 to analyze the differential expression of genes in the transcriptomic data of TCGA HNSCC database. WGCNA 16 was used to identify co‐expressed gene modules in DEGs and convert the adjacency matrix into a topological overlap matrix (TOM). Survival curves were drawn using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences between groups were assessed using the log‐rank test."], "order_basis": "consumes_earlier_output", "id": "assay:3"}]}