Integrative analysis of gene expression and DNA methylation to identify biomarkers of non-genital warts induced by low-risk human papillomaviruses infection.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:37215908", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:dc7691dae497c46d70061c6cf390ba525a680d55ebd36013b500d630f6c236fb", "created_at": "2026-11-01T19:01:55Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:51:57Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Integrative analysis of gene expression and DNA methylation to identify biomarkers of non-genital warts induced by low-risk human papillomaviruses infection.", "doi": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16101", "pmid": "37215908", "authors": ["Mansour A Alghamdi", "Laith N Al-Eitan", "Amneh H Tarkhan"], "journal": "Heliyon", "year": 2023, "abstract": "Background: Human papillomaviruses have been shown to dysregulate the gene expression and DNA methylation profiles of their host cells over the course of infection. However, there is a lack of information on the impact of low-risk HPV infection and wart formation on host cell's expression and methylation patterns. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the genome and methylome of common warts using an integrative approach.\nMethods: In the present study, gene expression (GSE136347) and methylation (GSE213888) datasets of common warts were obtained from the GEO database. Identification of the differentially expressed and differentially methylated genes was carried out using the RnBeads R package and the edgeR Bioconductor package. Next, functional annotation of the identified genes was obtained using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). Network construction and analyses of the gene-gene, protein-protein, and signaling interactions of the differentially expressed and differentially methylated genes was performed using the GeneMANIA web interface, the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database, and the Signaling Network Open Resource 2.0 (SIGNOR 2.0), respectively. Lastly, significant hub genes were identified using the Cytoscape application CytoHubba.\nResults: A total of 276 genes were identified as differentially expressed and differentially methylated in common warts, with 52% being upregulated and hypermethylated. Functional enrichment analysis identified extracellular components as the most enriched annotations, while network analyses identified ELN, ITGB1, TIMP1, MMP2, LGALS3, COL1A1 and ANPEP as significant hub genes.\nConclusions: To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first integrative study to be carried out on non-genital warts induced by low-risk HPV types. Future studies are required to re-validate the findings in larger populations using alternative approaches.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Differentially methylated (DM) genes between warts and normal skin were calculated using the R package RnBeads.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:37215908", "locator": "sections[12] \"Identification of DEDM genes\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Differentially methylated (DM) genes between warts and normal skin were calculated using the R package RnBeads."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "Data associated with this study has been deposited at “the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database” under the accession number GSE136347 and GSE213888, respectively.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:37215908", "locator": "sections[17] \"Data availability statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Data associated with this study has been deposited at “the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database” under the accession number GSE136347 and GSE213888, respectively."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "A total of 276 genes were identified as differentially expressed and differentially methylated in common warts, with 52% being upregulated and hypermethylated.", "kind": "quantitative", "target": {"value": 52.0, "unit": "per cent", "tolerance": null, "source": "A total of 276 genes were identified as differentially expressed and differentially methylated in common warts, with 52% being upregulated and hypermethylated."}, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:37215908", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "A total of 276 genes were identified as differentially expressed and differentially methylated in common warts, with 52% being upregulated and hypermethylated."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "A total of 276 genes were identified as differentially expressed and differentially methylated in common warts, with 52% being upregulated and hypermethylated.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:37215908"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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