SNAP25 is a potential target for early stage Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:38053192", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 3, "content_hash": "sha256:06ff56ca83d43db4fe4e7bc02a0d24b1f5e69e5a4f6bd153080f20d758e54760", "created_at": "2026-11-01T19:03:00Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:10:49Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "SNAP25 is a potential target for early stage Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.", "doi": "10.1186/s40001-023-01360-8", "pmid": "38053192", "authors": ["Qian Wang", "Sijue Tao", "Lei Xing", "Jiuyu Liu", "Cankun Xu", "Xinyi Xu", "Haohan Ding", "Qi Shen", "Xiaobo Yu", "Yingwei Zheng"], "journal": "European journal of medical research", "year": 2023, "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), two common irreversible neurodegenerative diseases, share similar early stage syndromes, such as olfaction dysfunction. Yet, the potential comorbidity mechanism of AD and PD was not fully elucidated.\nMETHODS: The gene expression profiles of GSE5281 and GSE8397 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We utilized a series of bioinformatics analyses to screen the overlapped differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The hub genes were further identified by the plugin CytoHubba of Cytoscape and validated in the hippocampus (HIP) samples of APP/PS-1 transgenic mice and the substantial nigra (SN) samples of A53T transgenic mice by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Meanwhile, the expression of the target genes in the olfactory epithelium/bulb was detected by RT-qPCR. Finally, molecular docking was used to screen potential compounds for the target gene.\nRESULTS: One hundred seventy-four overlapped DEGs were identified in AD and PD. Five of the top ten enrichment pathways mainly focused on the synapse. Five hub genes were identified and further validated. As a common factor in AD and PD, the changes of synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) mRNA in olfactory epithelium/bulb were significantly decreased and had a strong association with those in the HIP and SN samples. Pazopanib was the optimal compound targeting SNAP25, with a binding energy of - 9.2 kcal/mol.\nCONCLUSIONS: Our results provided a theoretical basis for understanding the comorbidity mechanism of AD and PD and highlighted that SNAP25 in the olfactory epithelium may serve as a potential target for early detection and intervention in both AD and PD.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "We used GEO2R (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/geo2r/), an interactive online tool, to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). With default settings, the adjusted P values were selected to decrease the false positive rate using the Hochberg false discovery rate and the Benjamini method. A P value < 0.05 and an absolute log fold-change (FC) greater than 1 for the DEGs were used as the cutoff criteria.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38053192", "locator": "sections[14] \"Data set selection and preprocessing\" paragraph 2", "quote": "We used GEO2R (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/geo2r/), an interactive online tool, to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). With default settings, the adjusted P values were selected to decrease the false positive rate using the Hochberg false discovery rate and the Benjamini method. A P value < 0.05 and an absolute log fold-change (FC) greater than 1 for the DEGs were used as the cutoff criteria."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The databases that support the findings of this study are publicly available in (GEO) at (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). All data analyzed in this work are included in this article and its supplementary information files.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38053192", "locator": "sections[26] \"Availability of data and materials\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The databases that support the findings of this study are publicly available in (GEO) at (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). All data analyzed in this work are included in this article and its supplementary information files."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "The analysis identified 174 differentially expressed genes overlapping between the Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease datasets.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38053192", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "One hundred seventy-four overlapped DEGs were identified in AD and PD."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:38053192", "locator": "sections[3] \"Identification of the overlapping DEGs\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The 174 overlapping DEGs were used in the subsequent analysis."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "The analysis identified 174 differentially expressed genes overlapping between the Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease datasets.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:38053192"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE5281"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE5281"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:38053192", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01360-8", "sha256": "sha256:027e967a150c797aa843ada1613c6cdde8cd91c3d6b2fc162a08be0a6b67edfc", "bytes": 47891, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "10.1186/s40001-023-01360-8", "version": null, "note": "Full article fetched from PMC; the checksum covers the rendered section body, not the original XML bytes.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC10699008", "source": "europe_pmc_fulltext", "coverage": "whole_body", "text_hash_scope": "rendered_section_body"}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE5281", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE5281", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE5281", "version": null, "note": "The databases that support the findings of this study are publicly available in (GEO) at (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). 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With default settings, the adjusted P values were selected to decrease the false positive rate using the Hochberg false discovery rate and the Benjamini method. 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No dataset was downloaded and no licence was read."}}, "can_run": {"dsl_operations": ["group_summary", "welch_t", "bootstrap_mean_difference", "group_comparison_anova"], "assets": ["source:pmid:38053192", "data:geo:GSE5281"], "steps": ["run_analysis"]}, "must_build": {"dsl_operations": [], "converters": [], "readers": [], "capabilities": [], "data_gaps": ["data:geo:GSE5281"]}, "gaps": []}, "review": {"state": "partial", "machine_critique": {"kind": "extraction_review", "reader": {"model": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax", "provider_family": "minimax", "read_at": "2026-11-01T19:01:39Z", "independence": "single_reader"}, "evidence_check": {"method": "verbatim", "availability": "verbatim"}, "calls": 5, "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 14624, "completion_tokens": 1421, "cached_tokens": 264}}, "human_critique": null, "stages": [{"id": "extraction", "state": "complete", "reader": "MiniMax-M3.1-Flash", "provider": "minimax"}], "gaps": ["review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique", "review.human_critique"]}, "execution": {"state": "absent", "status": "not_run", "mode": null, "runs": [], "gaps": ["execution.not_run"]}, "provenance": {"entities": [{"id": "pmid:38053192", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:38053192"}, {"id": "source:pmid:38053192", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 38053192 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE5281", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE5281"}], "activities": [{"id": "activity-reading-sci-2026-11-01", "type": "classification", "used": [{"id": "pmid:38053192", "type": "paper", "label": "pmid:38053192"}, {"id": "source:pmid:38053192", "type": "manuscript", "label": "PMID 38053192 full text"}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE5281", "type": "dataset", "label": "GEO GSE5281"}], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}, {"id": "activity-read-38053192", "type": "extraction", "used": ["source:pmid:38053192"], "agent": "agent:minimax-reader"}, {"id": "activity-resolve-GSE5281", "type": "accession_resolution", "used": ["data:geo:GSE5281"], "agent": "agent:corpus-assay-engine"}], "agents": [{"id": "agent:corpus-assay-engine", "type": "software", "label": "Corpus assay engine"}, {"id": "agent:minimax-reader", "type": "software", "label": "MiniMax literature reader"}], "source_run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01", "dsl_catalogue_fingerprint": "343fb30756ba6ec3", "capability_table_fingerprint": "2cb3e42f047d2ecf", "snapshot_id": "ba34b49490d9bfaf"}, "lineage": {"parent_id": "pmid:38053192", "parent_hash": "sha256:912ad20565de91dc9c170aa20038bd541030a72b32a1133536c1e46ba9562585", "fork_of": null, "generation": 2}, "gaps": ["asset:data:geo:GSE5281 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE5281 not downloaded", "asset:data:geo:GSE8397 licence not read", "asset:data:geo:GSE8397 not downloaded", "execution.not_run", "method.reader_named_unmapped", "review.human_critique", "review.independent_reader", "review.machine_critique"], "assays": [{"role": "data_generation", "definition_id": "qpcr", "definition_version": "99e1195c7d6f", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": [], "support_state": "partial", "source_hashes": {"assay_lexicon": "99e1195c7d6f"}, "confidence": 0.99, "evidence": ["time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). 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