Identification of Key Genes for Pyroptosis-Induced Salivary Gland Inflammation in Sjogren's Syndrome Based on Microarray Data and Immunohistochemistry Analysis.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:38076335", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:18b9f2356a212d74615e677896ae81e67f377852485dcae7e5bccc003f069a42", "created_at": "2026-11-01T19:03:00Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:10:51Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Identification of Key Genes for Pyroptosis-Induced Salivary Gland Inflammation in Sjogren's Syndrome Based on Microarray Data and Immunohistochemistry Analysis.", "doi": "10.2147/JIR.S435008", "pmid": "38076335", "authors": ["Kaiyuan Zhang", "Ziyue Luo", "Xinchao Zhu", "Xinyi Yao", "Dingqi Lu", "Liying Chen", "Tao Hong", "Yating Ren", "Xinchang Wang"], "journal": "Journal of inflammation research", "year": 2023, "abstract": "Purpose: Sjogren's Syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease primarily characterized by dysfunction of the exocrine glands. Research into the etiology and pathogenesis of salivary glands (SG) inflammation of SS is very limited. The aim of this study was to identify potential pyroptosis-related genes in SG inflammation through bioinformatics analysis and validation of the SG in SS.\nMethods: GSE157159 dataset and GSE159574 dataset were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) analysis was used to screen DEGs from SS and non-SS SG samples. Pyroptosis-related genes were obtained from GeneCards. After intersecting DEGs with pyroptosis-related genes, the pyroptosis-related DEGs in SS were obtained. Subsequently, ClueGO enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, Protein-protein Interaction (PPI), and identification and co-expression analysis of hub genes were performed. Subsequently, we collected SG samples from 17 SS patients and 17 non-SS patients and validated the expression of two hub genes (GZMA, GBP1) and characteristic genes (GSDMD) of pyroptosis through immunohistochemistry. The accuracy of hub genes as biomarkers for predicting SS was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.\nResults: 834 DEGs were selected from the GSE157159 dataset, and a total of 39 pyroptosis-related DEGs were obtained. Functional analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in some inflammatory signaling pathways. Through the intersection of seven algorithms proposed by CytoHubba and validation using the GSE159574 dataset, 11 hub genes were identified, including IL18, AIM2, CCL5, CD274, GBP1, GBP5, GZMA, GZMB, TLR8, TNFS13B, and ICAM1. Finally, the results of immunohistochemistry showed that GSDMD, GZMA and GBP1 were all significantly highly expressed in SG from SS. And ROC analysis showed a high combined diagnostic value of the 3 genes (AUC=0.8858).\nConclusion: Our study revealed enhanced levels of pyroptosis in the SS. GZMA and GBP1 were identified as candidate genes for pyroptosis-induced inflammation of the SG in SS, which may be used as biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets for SS.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Differences between the two groups were analyzed using an unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38076335", "locator": "sections[11] \"Statistical Analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Differences between the two groups were analyzed using an unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets of the GSE157159, and GSE159574 analysed during the current study were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The Immunohistochemical images and data used or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38076335", "locator": "sections[24] \"Data Sharing Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets of the GSE157159, and GSE159574 analysed during the current study were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The Immunohistochemical images and data used or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "The combined three-gene diagnostic model demonstrated high diagnostic value for Sjögren’s syndrome, with an AUC of 0.8858.", "kind": "quantitative", "target": {"value": 0.8858, "unit": "auc", "tolerance": null, "source": "And ROC analysis showed a high combined diagnostic value of the 3 genes (AUC=0.8858)."}, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38076335", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "And ROC analysis showed a high combined diagnostic value of the 3 genes (AUC=0.8858)."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "The combined three-gene diagnostic model demonstrated high diagnostic value for Sjögren’s syndrome, with an AUC of 0.8858.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:38076335"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. This lane did not download the dataset or read its licence.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE157159"], "outputs": ["the source data with its repository provenance"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "run_analysis", "order": 3, "name": "Run the published analysis", "kind": "analysis", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "Apply the paper's statistical method to the resolved series and compare the result with the published target.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["data:geo:GSE157159"], "outputs": ["the replicated result and its comparison"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}], "materials": [], "instruments": [], "reagents": [], "conditions": {}, "gaps": []}, "data": {"state": "partial", "assets": [{"id": "source:pmid:38076335", "role": "manuscript", "format": "xml", "media_type": "application/xml", "uri": "https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S435008", "sha256": "sha256:5fb34da16e0e4cee88339c77a7b44a47988b49bd3b9e7f7d6f1dd4dca68c82a8", "bytes": 30532, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "10.2147/JIR.S435008", "version": null, "note": "Full article fetched from PMC; the checksum covers the rendered section body, not the original XML bytes.", "structure": {"pmcid": "PMC10710186", "source": "europe_pmc_fulltext", "coverage": "whole_body_without_references", "text_hash_scope": "rendered_section_body"}}, {"id": "data:geo:GSE157159", "role": "raw", "format": "geo-series", "media_type": "application/vnd.ncbi.geo-series+json", "uri": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE157159", "sha256": null, "bytes": null, "access": "open", "state": "resolved", "reader": null, "reader_status": "reader_required", "identifier": "GSE157159", "version": null, "note": "The datasets of the GSE157159, and GSE159574 analysed during the current study were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The Immunohistochemical images and data used or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "structure": {"repository": "GEO", "access_route": "GEO accession URL", "access_statement_verbatim": "The datasets of the GSE157159, and GSE159574 analysed during the current study were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. 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