CTSK and PLAU as Prognostic Biomarker and Related to Immune Infiltration in Pancreatic Cancer: Evidence from Bioinformatics Analysis and qPCR.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:38077303", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 3, "content_hash": "sha256:4a74672ffbf98a319afdfdc3c0d031b22d094dc04eba8894a79dd273ebafb229", "created_at": "2026-11-01T19:03:01Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:10:51Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "CTSK and PLAU as Prognostic Biomarker and Related to Immune Infiltration in Pancreatic Cancer: Evidence from Bioinformatics Analysis and qPCR.", "doi": "10.1155/2023/3914687", "pmid": "38077303", "authors": ["Yuntao Ding", "Zhangzuo Li", "Huizhi Wang", "Qi Wang", "Han Jiang", "Zhengyue Yu", "Min Xu"], "journal": "International journal of genomics", "year": 2023, "abstract": "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is a malignancy with the highest mortality rate worldwide. There is a pressing need for novel biomarkers that can facilitate early detection and serve as targets for therapeutic interventions beyond the commonly utilized CA199 marker. This study utilized microarray datasets (GSE15471, GSE62165, and GSE28735) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and construct a protein-protein interaction network using STRING and Cytoscape. Hub genes were selected using BiNGO. Expression profiles and clinical data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were then used to compare the expression levels of CTSK and PLAU in pancreatic cancer and healthy pancreatic tissues via the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, with further validation using qPCR. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted to explore potential signaling pathways and biological functions. Prognostic values were assessed by the Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses, and an overall survival (OS) nomogram was created to predict 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival after cancer diagnosis. The infiltration of immune cells was evaluated by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis. The methylation status of both genes was analyzed using the UALCAN and MethSurv databases. The results demonstrated that CTSK and PLAU were overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and that the hypomethylation status of both genes was associated with a poor prognosis. The overexpression of both genes was positively correlated with various immune cells, and functional enrichment analysis revealed that they were associated with immune cell infiltration. Besides, the effects of PLAU on the migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells were also verified by scratch and transwell experiments. Consequently, CTSK and PLAU have potential as prognostic biomarkers for pancreatic cancer.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of PLAU and CTSK in PAAD.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38077303", "locator": "sections[8] \"2.6. Diagnostic Value Analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of PLAU and CTSK in PAAD."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available in TCGA database (https://www.cancer.gov/ccg/research/genome-sequencing/tcga) and the GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/).", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38077303", "locator": "sections[33] \"Data Availability\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available in TCGA database (https://www.cancer.gov/ccg/research/genome-sequencing/tcga) and the GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/)."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "PLAU and CTSK showed excellent diagnostic ability for distinguishing pancreatic cancer, with ROC AUCs of 0.976 and 0.968, respectively.", "kind": "quantitative", "target": {"value": 95.0, "unit": "per cent", "tolerance": null, "source": "In addition, the ROC curve showed that PLAU and CTSK had excellent predictive ability to distinguish pancreatic cancer, with an area under the curve of 0.968 (95% CI = 0.947-0.988) for CTSK and an area under the curve of 0.976 (95% CI = 0.961-0.991) for PLAU (Figures 4(e) and 4(g))."}, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38077303", "locator": "sections[22] \"3.6. Diagnostic Value Analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "In addition, the ROC curve showed that PLAU and CTSK had excellent predictive ability to distinguish pancreatic cancer, with an area under the curve of 0.968 (95% CI = 0.947-0.988) for CTSK and an area under the curve of 0.976 (95% CI = 0.961-0.991) for PLAU (Figures 4(e) and 4(g))."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "partial", "objective": "PLAU and CTSK showed excellent diagnostic ability for distinguishing pancreatic cancer, with ROC AUCs of 0.976 and 0.968, respectively.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:38077303"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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