Unraveling the mechanism of ethyl acetate extract from Prismatomeris connata Y. Z. Ruan root in treating pulmonary fibrosis: insights from bioinformatics, network pharmacology, and experimental validation.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:38259493", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:11e8f7f5700c663fc4caf6b1a5958536339e5db33d4cdc97b499d8d3a25f5b23", "created_at": "2026-11-01T19:20:10Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:53:31Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Unraveling the mechanism of ethyl acetate extract from Prismatomeris connata Y. Z. Ruan root in treating pulmonary fibrosis: insights from bioinformatics, network pharmacology, and experimental validation.", "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2023.1330055", "pmid": "38259493", "authors": ["Sizheng Li", "Guang Hu", "Lian Kuang", "Tianyu Zhou", "Haiyan Jiang", "Fei Pang", "Jie Li", "Xinyi Chen", "Jie Bao", "Wanfang Li", "Chuangjun Li", "Menglin Li", "Lulu Wang", "Dongming Zhang", "Jinlan Zhang", "Zengyan Yang", "Hongtao Jin"], "journal": "Frontiers in immunology", "year": 2023, "abstract": "Introduction: Pulmonary fibrosis is a terminal lung disease characterized by fibroblast proliferation, extracellular matrix accumulation, inflammatory damage, and tissue structure destruction. The pathogenesis of this disease, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), remains unknown. Macrophages play major roles in organ fibrosis diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. The phenotype and polarization of macrophages are closely associated with pulmonary fibrosis. A new direction in research on anti-pulmonary fibrosis is focused on developing drugs that maintain the stability of the pulmonary microenvironment.\nMethods: We obtained gene sequencing data and clinical information for patients with IPF from the GEO datasets GSE110147, GSE15197, GSE24988, GSE31934, GSE32537, GSE35145, GSE53845, GSE49072, GSE70864, and GSE90010. We performed GO, KEGG enrichment analysis and GSEA analysis, and conducted weighted gene co-expression network analysis. In addition, we performed proteomic analysis of mouse lung tissue. To verify the results of bioinformatics analysis and proteomic analysis, mice were induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM), and gavaged for 14 days after modeling. Respiratory function of mice in different groups was measured. Lung tissues were retained for histopathological examination, Western Blot and real-time quantitative PCR, etc. In addition, lipopolysaccharide, interferon-γ and interleukin-4 were used to induce RAW264.7 cells for 12h in vitro to establish macrophage inflammation and polarization model. At the same time, HG2 intervention was given. The phenotype transformation and cytokine secretion of macrophages were investigated by Western Blot, RT-qPCR and flow cytometry, etc.\nResults: Through bioinformatics analysis and experiments involving bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, we confirmed the importance of macrophage polarization in IPF. The analysis revealed that macrophage polarization in IPF involves a change in the phenotypic spectrum. Furthermore, experiments demonstrated high expression of M2-type macrophage-associated biomarkers and inducible nitric oxide synthase, thus indicating an imbalance in M1/M2 polarization of pulmonary macrophages in mice with pulmonary fibrosis.\nDiscussion: Our investigation revealed that the ethyl acetate extract (HG2) obtained from the roots of Prismatomeris connata Y. Z. Ruan exhibits therapeutic efficacy against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. HG2 modulates macrophage polarization, alterations in the TGF-β/Smad pathway, and downstream protein expression in the context of pulmonary fibrosis. On the basis of our findings, we believe that HG2 has potential as a novel traditional Chinese medicine component for treating pulmonary fibrosis.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Initially, the homogeneity of variances was assessed. In cases of homogeneous variances, one-way ANOVA was used to determine the statistical significance of differences between various samples (P < 0.05). In the event of heterogeneous variances, an independent samples Student’s t-test was used to assess whether the differences between samples were statistically significant (P < 0.05).", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38259493", "locator": "sections[27] \"Statistical analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Initially, the homogeneity of variances was assessed. In cases of homogeneous variances, one-way ANOVA was used to determine the statistical significance of differences between various samples (P < 0.05). In the event of heterogeneous variances, an independent samples Student’s t-test was used to assess whether the differences between samples were statistically significant (P < 0.05)."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Material . The data presented in the study are deposited in the ProteomeXchange repository, accession number PXD048007. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38259493", "locator": "sections[36] \"Data availability statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/ Supplementary Material . The data presented in the study are deposited in the ProteomeXchange repository, accession number PXD048007. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "Through bioinformatics analysis and experiments involving bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, the authors confirmed the importance of macrophage polarization in IPF.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38259493", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "Through bioinformatics analysis and experiments involving bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, we confirmed the importance of macrophage polarization in IPF."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "Through bioinformatics analysis and experiments involving bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, the authors confirmed the importance of macrophage polarization in IPF.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:38259493"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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