Two ferroptosis-specific expressed genes NOX4 and PARP14 are considered as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy and atherosclerosis.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:38443950", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:2e1421cf7bfb49fbe3764c9ca27c80a9cecf73d52431f2e6665ad52a1551252f", "created_at": "2026-11-01T19:20:23Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:53:48Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "Two ferroptosis-specific expressed genes NOX4 and PARP14 are considered as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy and atherosclerosis.", "doi": "10.1186/s13098-024-01301-3", "pmid": "38443950", "authors": ["Chen Li", "QinHua Cai"], "journal": "Diabetology & metabolic syndrome", "year": 2024, "abstract": "OBJECTIVES: Both Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and Atherosclerosis (AS) are common complications in patients with diabetes, and they share major pathophysiological similarities and have a common pathogenesis. Studies performed to date have demonstrated that ferroptosis plays a vital part in the occurrence and development of DR and AS, but its mechanism in the two diseases remains poorly understood.\nMETHODS: DR Chip data (GSE60436 and GSE102485) and AS chip data (GSE100927 and GSE57691) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The screening of the differential expression genes (DEGs) was analyzed using the limma package, and the genes related to ferroptosis were obtained from the FerrDb V2 database. Two key genes (NOX4 and PARP14) were identified through external datasets validation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were used to conduct a functional enrichment analysis, and miRNA-mRNA networks were established. The CIBERSORT algorithm was applied to identify the immune cell infiltration between the disease group and control group. Next, the correlations between key genes and infiltrating immune cells were investigated by the Spearman method. Finally, the correlation between 2 key genes and ferroptosis markers was confirmed.\nRESULTS: Nine ferroptosis differentially expressed genes (DE-FRGs) between DR and AS were identified in this study. NOX4 and PARP14 were selected as key genes for further analysis by external datasets and ROC curve analysis. The key genes NOX4, PARP14 and their correlated genes (such as CYBA, NOX1, NOX3, CYBB, PARP9, PARP10, and PARP15) are mainly enriched in oxidoreductase activity, protein ADP-ribosylation, superoxide metabolic process, reactive oxygen species metabolic process, PID pathway, and VEGFA-VEGFR2 pathway. A miRNA-mRNA network was constructed, and we got 12 miRNAs correlated with the target gene NOX4, 38 miRNAs correlated with the target gene PARP14. Three common miRNAs (hsa-miR-1-3p, hsa-miR-129-2-3p, and hsa-miR-155-5p) were observed in the network. Immune infiltration analysis displayed that activated B cell, MDSC, and Type 17 T helper cell are the common immune cells involved in the immune infiltration process of DR and AS. The results revealed that there are significant correlations between two key genes and most ferroptosis marker genes no matter in DR or AS.\nCONCLUSION: Ferroptosis-related genes NOX4 and PARP14 may be common biomarkers of DR and AS. Both were associated with immune infiltration in patients with DR and AS. Our data provide a theoretical basis for the early diagnosis and immunotherapy of the two diseases.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "After data preprocessing, the normalized expression profile data were analyzed and DEGs were screened using the “Limma” package in R language, p < 0.05 and, | log2FC (Fold-change) |≥ 0.585 were used to define DEGs.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38443950", "locator": "sections[4] \"Acquisition of microarray data and identification of DE-FRGs\" paragraph 2", "quote": "After data preprocessing, the normalized expression profile data were analyzed and DEGs were screened using the “Limma” package in R language, p < 0.05 and, | log2FC (Fold-change) |≥ 0.585 were used to define DEGs."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "Publicly available datasets were utilized in this study. The data used to support the results of this study are available from the online website mentioned above, and further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. Data will be made available on request.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38443950", "locator": "sections[30] \"Data Availability Statement\" paragraphs 1-3", "quote": "Publicly available datasets were utilized in this study. The data used to support the results of this study are available from the online website mentioned above, and further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. Data will be made available on request."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "Ferroptosis-related genes NOX4 and PARP14 may be common biomarkers of DR and AS.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38443950", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 4", "quote": "Ferroptosis-related genes NOX4 and PARP14 may be common biomarkers of DR and AS."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "partial", "objective": "Ferroptosis-related genes NOX4 and PARP14 may be common biomarkers of DR and AS.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:38443950"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "blocked", "blocked_on": "data:accession_absent", "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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