Peeking into the Stingers: A Comprehensive SWATH-MS Study of the European Hornet Vespa crabro (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Venom Sac Extracts.

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Using a quantitative \"Sequential Window Acquisition of all Theoretical Fragment Ion Mass Spectra\" (SWATH-MS) analysis, we identified and quantified a total of 240 proteins. Notably, within the group, 45.8% (n = 110) showed significant differential expression between VSE-G and VSE-W. In this set, 57.3% (n = 63) were upregulated and 42.7% (n = 47) downregulated in the G. Additionally, the two-hundred quantified proteins from the class Insecta belong to sixteen different species, six of them to the Hymenoptera/Apidae lineage, comprising seven proteins with known potential allergenicity. Thus, phospholipase A1 (Vesp v 1), phospholipase A1 verutoxin 2b (VT-2b), hyaluronidase A (Vesp v 2A), hyaluronidase B (Vesp v 2B), and venom allergen 5 (Vesp v 5) were significantly downregulated in the G, and vitellogenin (Vesp v 6) was upregulated. Overall, 46% of the VSE proteins showed differential expression, with a majority being upregulated in G. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD047955. These findings shed light on the proteomic differences in VSE between EH castes, potentially contributing to our understanding of their behavior and offering insights for allergy research.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "To compare Vespa crabro caste groups (VSE-G and VSE-W), Student’s t-test analysis was conducted based on the averaged area sums of all transitions derived for each protein.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38612607", "locator": "sections[15] \"4.5. Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometric Analysis and Quantification Using Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH-MS)\" paragraph 2", "quote": "To compare Vespa crabro caste groups (VSE-G and VSE-W), Student’s t-test analysis was conducted based on the averaged area sums of all transitions derived for each protein."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD047955.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38612607", "locator": "sections[23] \"Data Availability Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD047955."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "SWATH-MS identified 240 proteins in the venom sac extracts, of which 110 showed significant differential expression between gynes and workers, with 63 upregulated and 47 downregulated in gynes.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:38612607", "locator": "sections[4] \"2.2. 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