SCG2 and CPE may be novel markers for the identification of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and solid pseudopapillary neoplasms.

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To address this, our study aims to identify and validate novel biomarkers that effectively differentiate between these two conditions. We focus on the exploration of new immunohistochemical markers to enhance this distinction.\nMethods: In this study, we analyzed genetic variations in pNETs and SPNs using the GSE43795 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Our approach was to identify genes with higher expression in pNETs compared to SPNs and normal pancreatic tissues. We conducted enrichment analyses to understand the functions of these genes. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was utilized to identify key genes associated with pNETs. Our sample consisted of 163 pancreatic tumor specimens, comprising 78 pNETs and 85 SPNs. We also collected clinicopathological data and used immunohistochemistry to measure the expression levels of these key genes.\nResults: The enrichment analysis revealed that genes overexpressed in pNETs were mainly involved in signal release, vesicle transport, and ion pathway activation, playing significant roles in endocrine processes like insulin secretion, dopamine synapses, and circadian rhythm regulation. The PPI analysis identified secretogranin II (SCG2), carboxypeptidase E (CPE), and chromogranin A (CgA, CHGA) as key markers for differentiating pNETs from SPNs. Immunohistochemical validation of these markers demonstrated high sensitivity (SCG2: 98.7%, CPE: 97.4%) and specificity (100%), indicating their superior discriminative power compared to traditional markers like CgA, β-catenin, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1), and vimentin.\nConclusions: Our study indicates that SCG2 and CPE are effective, novel immunohistochemical biomarkers for differentiating pNETs from SPNs.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "Differential gene expression analysis was carried out using the “limma” package (R version 4.1.2).", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:39145076", "locator": "sections[5] \"Identification of differential expression genes (DEGs) in SPNs and pNETs\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Differential gene expression analysis was carried out using the “limma” package (R version 4.1.2)."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "Available at https://tcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tcr-24-229/dss", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:39145076", "locator": "sections[30] \"Data Sharing Statement\" paragraph 2", "quote": "Available at https://tcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tcr-24-229/dss"}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "Immunohistochemical validation demonstrated high sensitivity for SCG2 (98.7%) and CPE (97.4%) and 100% specificity, indicating superior discriminative power compared with traditional markers.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:39145076", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 3", "quote": "Immunohistochemical validation of these markers demonstrated high sensitivity (SCG2: 98.7%, CPE: 97.4%) and specificity (100%), indicating their superior discriminative power compared to traditional markers like CgA, β-catenin, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1), and vimentin."}, {"asset": "source:pmid:39145076", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 4", "quote": "Our study indicates that SCG2 and CPE are effective, novel immunohistochemical biomarkers for differentiating pNETs from SPNs."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "complete", "objective": "Immunohistochemical validation demonstrated high sensitivity for SCG2 (98.7%) and CPE (97.4%) and 100% specificity, indicating superior discriminative power compared with traditional markers.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:39145076"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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We focus on the exploration of new immunohistochemical markers to enhance this distinction. Methods", "collected clinicopathological data and used immunohistochemistry to measure the expression levels of these ke", "markers for differentiating pNETs from SPNs. Immunohistochemical validation of these markers demonstrated hig", "cates that SCG2 and CPE are effective, novel immunohistochemical biomarkers for differentiating pNETs from SP"], "order_basis": "paper_text_order:448", "id": "assay:1"}, {"role": "analysis", "definition_id": "differential_expression", "definition_version": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e", "definition_digest": null, "required_operations": ["normalise_counts", "differential_expression_fit", "fdr_bh"], "support_state": "supported", "source_hashes": {"dsl_catalogue": "f2132e96ae6c7a4e"}, "confidence": 1.0, "evidence": ["Differential gene expression analysis was carried out using the “limma” package (R version 4.1.2)."], "order_basis": "consumes_earlier_output", "id": "assay:2"}]}