GREM1 may be a biological indicator and potential target of bladder cancer.

{"sci_version": "1.2", "schema": "https://corpus.bntrg.co.uk/sci/1.0/sci.schema.json", "id": "pmid:39375386", "kind": "science-record", "revision": 4, "content_hash": "sha256:3bada75969f246f3f76bc86aeb64badab4ebbd0af050265adc562545ed8518ef", "created_at": "2026-11-01T20:29:35Z", "updated_at": "2026-11-01T22:55:20Z", "generator": {"name": "corpus-assay-engine", "run_id": "reading-sci-2026-11-01"}, "paper": {"state": "complete", "title": "GREM1 may be a biological indicator and potential target of bladder cancer.", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-024-73655-7", "pmid": "39375386", "authors": ["Qingxin Yu", "Shanshan Xu", "Shouxiang Weng", "Luxia Ye", "Haihong Zheng", "Dengxiong Li"], "journal": "Scientific reports", "year": 2024, "abstract": "Gremlin 1 (GREM1) can regulate the development of many cancers. However, a few studies have revealed the role of GREM1 in bladder cancer (BC). To evaluate the expression and potential function of GREM1 in bladder cancer, we used R version 3.6.3 and related packages to analyze the data from common databases. Samples from our institution were assessed by immunohistochemical staining (IHC), which was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (K20220830). GREM1 was highly expressed in BC tissues according to the TCGA and IHC data. Data from TCGA, GSE31684, GSE32894, and IHC showed that GREM1 has significant prognostic value for BC patients. GREM1 is involved in immune and metabolism-related pathways. According to the TIDE algorithm, 61.0% of patients with low GREM1 expression responded well to immunotherapy, compared to only 13.3% in the high GREM1 expression group. High GREM1 expression was associated with sensitivity to cisplatin, docetaxel, gemcitabine, and vinblastine. Thus, GREM1 can predict prognosis and responses to immunotherapy and chemotherapy in BC patients, making it a potential biomarker and therapeutic target.", "claims": [{"id": "claim-method", "statement": "The statistical procedures were executed using R version 3.6.3 in conjunction with relevant packages.", "kind": "methodological", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:39375386", "locator": "sections[9] \"Statistical analysis\" paragraph 2", "quote": "The statistical procedures were executed using R version 3.6.3 in conjunction with relevant packages."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-data-access", "statement": "Since human data are involved, you should contact the corresponding authors to obtain relevant information. The datasets utilized and examined in the present study are accessible in the TCGA database, specifically the Cancer Genome Atlas (www.gdc.cancer.gov, TCGA). 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Additionally, the GSE31684and GSE32894 datasets were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus database repository (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, GEO)."}], "state": "complete"}, {"id": "claim-target-result", "statement": "According to the TIDE algorithm, 61.0% of patients with low GREM1 expression responded well to immunotherapy, compared to only 13.3% in the high GREM1 expression group.", "kind": "qualitative", "target": null, "evidence": [{"asset": "source:pmid:39375386", "locator": "sections[0] \"Abstract\" paragraph 1", "quote": "According to the TIDE algorithm, 61.0% of patients with low GREM1 expression responded well to immunotherapy, compared to only 13.3% in the high GREM1 expression group."}], "state": "complete"}], "gaps": []}, "experiment": {"state": "partial", "objective": "According to the TIDE algorithm, 61.0% of patients with low GREM1 expression responded well to immunotherapy, compared to only 13.3% in the high GREM1 expression group.", "steps": [{"id": "read_published_estimate", "order": 1, "name": "Read the published estimate from the source", "kind": "other", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The claim, method and evidence span published with the source article.", "duration_hours": null, "parameters": {}, "inputs": ["source:pmid:39375386"], "outputs": ["the published estimate and its evidence"], "instruments": [], "reagents": []}, {"id": "obtain_source_data", "order": 2, "name": "Obtain the source data from the named repository", "kind": "data-preparation", "state": "complete", "blocked_on": null, "description": "The GEO series accession resolves and its sample accessions are listed. 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